THE SILVICULTUEE SYSTEM. 165 



In the above casp it is not the system which is at fault, but 

 the silviculture displayed in carrying it out. 



Apart from the permanent retention of the standards for timber, 

 they are required for the production of seed, the completion of the 

 coppice crop by natural regeneration so that young stools may 

 always be available, and in some cases to protect the young coppice 

 from frost. This latter point is of considerable importance in the 

 case of sal and entirely dominates the technique of the manage- 

 ment in Pilibhit and South Kheri. 



In these divisions two distinct types of management have been 

 evolved ; firstly the ordinary coppice with standards where the stan- 

 dards are a permanent feature of the crop and secondly a system of 

 evenaged high forest regenerated partly by coppice and partly by 

 seed under a temporary shelter wood which is removed as soon as 

 its function of protecting the young coppice from frost and complet- 

 ing the regeneration of the area by seed has been accomplished. 

 The best number of standards to retain may vary in accordance 

 with the amount of protection which the coppice requires in each 

 locality and will also depend on the size and crown development 

 of the standards. Sufficient latitude should therefore be allowed 

 to the forest officer in charge of the markings within prescribed 

 limits. In Pilibhit it is not considered safe to have less than 40 

 standards per acre during the first few years of the coppice growth. 

 At the other end of the scale it is considered that 75 standards to 

 the acre is a safe maximum when the trees average 8*-10* in 

 diameter. In South Kheri fewer standards are reserved. 



We are thus faced with the necessity of starting with many 

 standards which either have to be entirely removed as in the 

 Nawadia and Gola Working Circles or reduced to such number 

 as will not interfere with the proper development of the coppice 

 during the rest of the rotation. 



The following table will serve as guide for the maximum 

 number of standards which can be retained in theory but not 



