APPENDIX. XXXV11 



{c) On suitable soil such as shifting sand and water-eroded 

 places ; also on lands subject to inundation. 



(d) On lands superficially hardened ; on thin, exposed soils ; 

 . and on light sandy soils. 



(e) On lands in mountainous regions subject to slipping 



under the action of weather and water. 



(f) In repairing of failed places in both natural and artificial 



regeneration. 



" Frombling believes that in Europe the advantages of planting 

 and the disadvantages of seeding have been overstated. He be- 

 lieves that dense sowings have a great advantage over plantings, 

 because in the former case competition for space results in the 

 suppression of the poor individuals. When the young stand is 

 crowded the death of numerous individuals results in a welcome 

 exclusion of the weak. As no planting compares in density with 

 a successful stand from seeding, the latter is more fully composed 

 of hardy and vigorous individuals due to the weaker being crowded 

 out. The following principles are set forth by him in reference to 

 seeding and planting : 



(a) Only a dense position in early life enables a stand, no 



matter of what species, to produce the best results. 



(b) Since in planting the spacing must always be wider than 



in seeding, the latter is preferable in principle. 



(c) Special conditions often make the planting necessary if 



they do not, direct seeding or natural regeneration 



should be employed. 



' Direct seeding is better adapted for the reforestation of re- 

 cently cut over and burned areas than for afforestation. It is 

 never practicable on sites having a dense ground cover. It is 

 often used on very rocky ground where planting is difficult. In 

 Saxony the direct seeding of Scotch pine and Norway spruce is 

 seldom practised. In Prussia Scotch pine is often regenerated 

 by direct seeding, some foresters advocating direct sowing and 

 others planting even on the same quality of sites and under similar 



17 



