GRADING AND PACKING 63 



instance, some successful apple shippers make four 

 grades, about as follows: 



1. ' ' Selects. ' ' — Extra fine specimens only ; uniform 

 in size, color, and form, and without blemish. 



2. ''Firsts.'' — Good fruits, but not so fine as 

 "selects"; uniform in size, color and form, and prac- 

 tically free from scab, insect injury, or other defect. 



3. ^^ Seconds.^' — Mostly good, eatable fruit, fairly 

 uniform, and not conspicuously marked by insect, 

 fungus, or other damage. 



4. " Culls.'' — These usually go to the cider-mill, 

 the dry-house, or the cattle-pen. 



First-grade fruit, furthermore, must be true to the 

 mark on the package. If the mark specifies Elberta 

 the peaches inside mu.st be Elbertas, and must look 

 like Elbertas. They must conform to the accepted 

 type of the variety named. Burbank and Chabot 

 plums may be of the same size, and they may look 

 very much alike, but they must not be mixed together; 

 and a basket of Burbanks must not be labeled Chabot. 



III. THE DESIGNATION OF GRADES 



The terms by which the various grades of fruit are 

 designated are not well fixed nor generally under- 

 stood ; in fact, the very opposite is the case. Mr. 

 A. W. Grindley, agent of the Canadian government 

 in Liverpool, tells me that the marks which appear on 

 fruit barrels shipped there from Canada and the United 

 States are of the most diverse and confusing nature. 

 First-quality fruit may be marked .simply "XX," or 

 it may be "XXX," or "XXXX," or even more; 



