Part II.] FOOD PLANTS. 199 



are best for birds. Rosa Carolina and R. nitida are suitable for low 



grounds, and R. humilis (sometimes called virginiana) and R. setigera 



may be planted in drier places. R. micrantha and R. nmltiflora are 



among the best introduced roses. 

 Black alder. Ilex Icevigata may be used instead of 7. verticillata. I. serrata 



is a good introduced species. 

 Mountain holly. Drops most of its berries in the fall , only a few persist 



throughout the season indicated. 

 Bittersweet. Celastrus orbiculatus, introduced, may be used. 

 Buckthorn. Rhamnus dahurica is equally good. 

 Virginia creeper. Often sold under the names Ampelopsis and Parthenocis- 



sus. A. heterophylla and P. vitacea may be substituted. 

 Wild pepper. Hippophae rhamnoides may replace it, especially along 



coast. 

 Oleaster. Elccagnus longipes, E. multiflora, E. parviflora and E. umheU 



lata also are good. 

 Buffalo berry. Shepherdia (Lepargyrea) argentea, the true buffalo berry, 



furnishes good bird food. 

 Dogwood. Cornus paniculata (candidissima), native, and C. alba and C. 



sanguinea, introduced, are worthy substitutes. 

 Huckleberry. Gaylussacia baccata is often sold as G. resinosa. 

 Blueberry. Any species may be substituted. 

 Cranberry. Generic name often given as Oxycoccus. 

 Privet. Ligustrum acuminatum, L. amurense, L. ciliatum, L. ibota and L. 



microcarpum, all introduced, are equally good. Must not be clipped; 



berries borne on outer twigs. 

 Purple berry. Variety japonica is the hardy form. 

 Honeysuckle. Lonicera glauca, L. canadensis, L. oblongifolia and L. sem- 



pervirens, native, and L. maackii, introduced, may be substituted. 

 Snowberry. Symphoricarpus occidentalis is just as good. 

 Viburnum. V. dentatum, native, and V. sieboldii, introduced, are worth 



adding. 

 Elder. Sambucus nigra, introduced, also is valuable. 



It will be noted that the list given by Mr. McAtee includes 

 both native and introduced species, but for those who prefer to 

 raise their own plants, or to encourage such native plants en- 

 ticing to birds as already grow on their land, the following 

 list, first published by Mr. F. H. Kennard in "Bird-Lore" for 

 July-August, 1912, is recommended as showing the comparative 

 attractiveness of the various species. 



Those plants that are particularly tempting to birds are 

 shown with three asterisks, while those with more than ordi- 

 nary attractiveness are shown by one or two asterisks, in the 



