PREVENTING THE INJURY 39 



trees, for it has been the general experience that an orchard 

 badly infested by canker-worms cannot be wholly freed from 

 the pests the first season, before considerable damage is done 

 to the foliage. Some New Hampshire farmers have told me 

 they preferred to fight the canker-worm by the banding, rather 

 than the spraying, method, because their other work kept them 

 so busy during the spraying season. But, in general, the 

 orchardist will find it profitable to spray, because he can thus 

 kill oft' not only the canker-worms and other leaf-eating insects, 

 but the codling-moth as well, and if he so desires, he can in the 

 same mixture fight the apple scab and other fungous diseases. 

 When an orchard is infested by canker-worms it is very 

 desirable to spray once before the blossoms open. The insects 

 begin hatching early in the season ; if trees are not sprayed 

 until after the blossoms fall, considerable damage will be done 

 before the worms are killed. One spraying when the buds 

 are in the condition represented in Fig. 6 will be of much 

 service. Another should be given as soon as the blossoms fall ; 

 and if the canker-worms are very numerous a third — a week 

 or ten days after the second — will be desirable. 



For insects alone the best mixture 

 to use in apple-orchards is probably 

 Paris green, one pound to two hun- 

 dred gallons of water with two 

 pounds of fresh-slacked lime added 

 to render all the arsenic insoluble 

 and thus prevent injury to foliage. 



Repeated experience has demon- 

 strated that spraying must be thor- 

 oughly done to be effective. The 

 Fig. 6. — Time to spray. (After leaves throughout the tree must be 

 Bailey-) wet with the spray. In this work 



haste is waste ; a stitch in time will save many times nine. 



The ease with which spraying is carried on depends to a con- 

 siderable extent upon the facilities provided. The outfit shown 

 in Fig. 5 is used by a New York fruit grower. Many other 

 forms of outfits have been made and successfully employed. 

 It is, of course, a distinct advantage to apply the spray from 

 some distance from the ground. For small orchards a simple 



