158 THE CULTURE OF THE GRAPE. 



After giving directions for pruning, etc., for the first three 

 years, he says, at the fourth year, your " plants may be ex- 

 pected to bear a quantity of fruit ; then you may leave three 

 or four shoots to each plant, with about four eyes ; but, when 

 older, you may leave six or more from a strong root. 



" Now when your vineyards want amendment, as all lands 

 will, strew some of the manure (liveings,) on the ridges and 

 about the ground between the rows, in the month of Novem- 

 ber. Use no more than sixteen bushels of the manure to an 

 acre. 



" Now as to vines planted against a wall, pale, or house, 

 you may keep them to what height you please, as the place 

 will permit, etc. "When your vine that is planted against 

 your walls, house, &c., wants refreshment, you may water 

 it with about two quarts of the lixivium of the manure, 

 when the vine begins to put forth ; you may do the same 

 about midsummer, when the grapes are small ; all which in- 

 vigorates the roots of your vines, and makes them yield a 

 much greater plenty of fruit." — New Treatise of Crardening, 

 ly Samuel Troivell. London^ 1739. 



The varieties Trowell mentions as cultivated in the vine- 

 yard are Burgundy, Champaigne, and Frontlniack, what we 

 now know, pro1)ably, as the small black grapes like Miller's 

 Burgundy, White Sweetwater, and Frontignan. 



The manure spoken of here is described as a very concen- 

 trated substance, equal in strength to guano. 



" When a vine is to be first established on any spot where- 

 none grew before, the first thing is to prepare the ground for 

 planting. In steep places, where the soil might be carried 

 away by rains in winter, or spring, terraces are formed by 

 building massive stone walls along the slope, and levelling the 

 soil behind them. The walls serve to reflect the heat, and 

 form a shelter to the vine below. Thus a whole hill is some- 

 times covered with terraces from top to bottom, and there the 

 wine is generally good, if the exposure is favorable. Lime- 

 stone, gravel, or coarse sand, with a small mixture of clay, 



