366 APPENDIX II. 



out as we have explained. Then the foot of each vertical stem 

 is deeply laid bare and laid down horizontally so that the 

 extremities of the shoots are connected to the foot of the wall 

 at each of those parts were it is intended they shall form new 

 vertical stems. The rest of the process is conducted in the 

 manner already described. 



OULTUKE OF TABLE GRAPES IN THE OPEN AIR 

 (Plein Vent). 



The table grape is also cultivated in the open air,* but the 

 climate of Paris is the extreme limit of this culture. The 

 vines are arranged upon espalier and then managed as before 

 described. They are even sometimes trained upon poles or 

 stumps, and the method pursued is then the same as for the 

 ordinary vineyard. 



At Thomery the interval which separates each inclosure is 

 used in the following manner : Espaliers are established 

 parallel to the walls. The first is at 80 inches' distance, and 

 the others are separated by an interval of 8 ft. 6 in. These 

 espaliers are sustained by a trellis similar to that on the 

 wall. They are supported on wooden posts, or, as is better, on 

 those of schistose stone, analogous to slate. These posts are 

 placed at a distance of 5 ft. 4 in. one from the other. Some- 

 times for these posts are substituted iron uprights fixed in 

 prisms of sandstone placed in the ground. In this case the 

 wooden cross-pieces may be replaced by lines of iron wire 

 which pass across the uprights. The main stems of the vine 

 form upon this frame a series of little vertical cordons like 

 those just described. These espaliers are, moreover, planted 

 with the same care as the trellised vines, and are treated in the 

 same manner. 



The interval of 8 ft. 6 in. which separates each espalier 

 is occupied by a row of vines on poles, propped up as in the 



* " OpeD air " is here used not in contradistinction to vines protected by glass, 

 but those simply protected by walls and copings as just described. 



