ECONOMY OF FARMING. 7 



estimates, Mayer also. Haser in Thaer's Annals of Improvements, Luerzer Moel- 

 linger, &c., &c. 

 [According to Veit's estimates, the cost of keeping a Dienstboten in Bavaria, are :— 



Besides wages. For the year. For the day. 



$cts. 



1. Not including the expense of keeping 



a cook, - - - - 86 florins = 41,28 



Including that expense, ----- 98 " 47,04 



2. With wages of 45 florins, = $21,06, 



average per head, without the cost 

 of keeping a cook, ----- 131 " 62,98 



Including that cost, ------ 143 " 76,64 



3. With cost and wages for 290 days 



work, not including the cost of a 

 cook, ---------- 



Including that cost, 



cts. 



14 kreutzers = 10.5 

 16 » 12 



21.5 " 16.2 



23.5 « 17.6 



27 « 20.25 



29.8 " 22.12 



Some things which enter into his estimates of the cost of board, are affected by 

 the question whether the articles supphed are bought or are furnished on the estate, 

 &c.— Tr.] 



9. Day-laborers are those who work by the day ; job or piece-laborers, 

 are those who agree to do a piece of work for certain wages. 



10. Where the latter are found, the practise of flirming is much easier 

 and cheaper, for one can lay hold of any work with greater force, and 

 complete it in a proportionate tim^ ; and their own profit urges the job 

 laborers to work quicker, so that their labor is always cheaper than that 

 of one's own serving people (Dienstleute) or the day-laborers. 



11. That work is particularly adapted to day-laborers which cannot be 

 so well let out by the job ; as hay-making, weeding, hoeing. For piece 

 or job-work, the cutting of grain, threshing, getting wood,"(&c 



In England nearly all kinds of work are hired out by the job. They employ in 

 their husbandry but few serving people, (Dienstboten) ; only as many as the fodder- 

 ing of the domestic animals makes necessary. All other kinds of labor, even plow- 

 ing and harrowing, are performed by day-laborers or those who work by the job. 

 Begtrup relates, that Mr. Green in Suffolk, with whom he resided for a time, on a 

 farm of plough land of one hundred forty-three and a half yoke, with a herd of 

 twenty cows, some oxen, and forty sheep, employed only two servants and two boys, 

 and m the summer two maids, in the winter but one. The harvesting and tlireshing 

 were done by men who work by the job. 



These people have such skill that for a small sum they will agree to hoe or harvest 

 a particular extent, and gain a support by it. 



[The advantages and disadvantages of the different kinds of labor above men- 

 tioned are considered by the various German authors. Thus Thaer Rat. Landwir. 

 Vol. I. p. 88, says : — " Whether a person should employ more laborers of the first or the 

 second class will differ according to the circumstances of the place, which often 

 leave no choice, often also a very limited one, and seldom one entirely free. 



For domestics (Gesinde or Dienstboten) there is the advantage of attachment, 

 participation, and fidelity which one may expect from them as members of his family, 

 (but not always freely rendered,) also the safety with which a person may count on 

 unretarded and daily advancing work, the closer inspection which they are brought 

 under, the dependence and obedience which he may justly demand of them, and 

 their responsibihty for any business entrusted to them. Day-laborers, and those who 

 work by the job, demand on the other hand less care ; can be engaged and dismissed 

 again when one wishes, as the work and their industry may require. Their activity 

 is greater, since they have to take care of their famihes, and if they do not perform 

 their work well, they will lose all their reputation." 



Veit,Vo1.I, p. 135, after mentioning that the Dienstboten are employed as host- 

 lers, to take care of ox^, &c., says,— "But it belongs to the character of tlieir service 



