ECONOMY OF FARMING. 9 



from the 1st of March to the 24th of April, from 6 to 11 A. M. and from 12 M. to 

 5| or 6 P. M. — In many regions it is customary in the summer and winter to have a 

 resting time or bread hour (brod-stunde) as it is called, from 8 to 8| A. M. and 

 from 3 to 3 1 P. M. 



The average of a day's wages of many parts of Bavaria, according to the duration 

 of time — is for the mean number of hours, in summer 24 to 40 kreutzers (about 13 

 to 30 cents) ; in winter 18 to 22 kreutzers (about 13^ to 16^ cents) ; females receive 

 about 3 or 4 kreutzers (2 or 3 cents) less. For an hour over in the morning or even- 

 ing they are allowed 3 or 4 kreutzers (2 to 3 cents) ; of course the labor is higher 

 where the greater skill is required, as in different branches of artisanship connected 

 with farming operations. 



The general results of his experiments Veit sums up in the following principles to 

 be adopted : 



" 1. All those kinds of work which from their nature can be given out by the job, 

 should be set over to the accord or quota or share-laborers. 



" 2. All other work which cannot be so performed ; or those which especially depend 

 on the state of the weather, require no peculiar skill, and can be easily overseen, 

 should be performed by day-laborers, when these can be had for easy wages, and 

 engaged or dismissed at necessity or pleasure. 



'^ 3. The number of domestics (Dienstboten) for taking care of the domestic beasts 

 required for the farming operations, should be engaged either with wages, but with- 

 out cost (or board) ; or this last charge be not assumed if there is any option." "A 

 distinction," says Thaer, p. 67, " is to be made between the price of wages and the 

 price of work ; the power, activity and skill of men is very different, and is governed 

 frequently by the nourishment, and mode of life. A laborer for 40 kreutzers per day 

 can often perform twice the work of another for 20 kreutzers per day." 



It is very evident, that many of the above remarks apply less to the state of things 

 in this countr}^ ; but still the principles on which the calculations are founded, and the 

 results, are not unimportant even with us. — Tr.] 



12. Those laborers are called Fr5hner, or Roboter, who, either real, or 

 emancipated, or modified bondmen of their masters, or of the estate itself, 

 must perform either a definite or undefined amount of labor without wages, 

 or for a very small compensation. 



[Veit thus describes this class of laborers, p. 152 : " There are yet some estates on 

 which many stand in the relation of subjects to their lords, and are under obligation 

 for a certain number of days in the year to labor at the call of the lord of the estate, 

 either with or without a team, for no compensation or for very small wages, or only 

 for their keeping." FrOhner, FrOhnden, or Roboter, therefore appear to be a kind 

 of serfs, who are bound to the lord of the manor by a feudal service, or on the princi- 

 ple of soccage. This tenure of property is scarcely known in our country, and is 

 gradually disappearing on the continent of Europe. — Tr.] 



13. Since the Frohner can be made to work only by compulsion, and 

 has not the least interest to perform it well and rapidly, therefore the pro- 

 duction of all estates cultivated by means of such laborers is the least and 

 worst. But because the labor, bad as it always is, is disproportionately 

 less costly in cash-value, such estates yield a large nett profit. 



This feudal tenure (FrOhne), is the original reason why the products of the culti- 

 vated land in a very large part of Europe is so small. The estate of the lord of 

 the manor is cultivated in the most wretched manner, and the peasant's own land as 

 badly in the (Nebentagen) days in which he works for himself The coarse inso- 

 lence of the one ; the poverty, stupidity, and indolence of the other, in a great degree 

 proceed from this feudal relation. 



[Similar to the above arc Veit's observations, p. 152 : " The effect of the labor of 

 this kind of laborers is usually small, rarely worth the smallest wages. The feudal 

 service (FrOhn-Dienst), of certain feudal laborers (FrOhn-Arbeiter) bound to the 

 State, is either changed into a fixed sum yearly, or is wholly remitted." — Tr.] 



14. He who mubt employ the Frohner, will do well to cause every 

 species of work in which he can receive damage, either to be executed by 



