ECONOMY OF FARMING. 11 



farms, lads are kept, and only for 24 to 30 oxen oYie herdsman, if there is one boy 

 beside."--TR.] 



18. If horned (or black cattle) are pastured according to the different 

 locality of the pasture, one man can take care of from 50 to 100 head of 

 cattle. 



[With respect to pasture, Veit observes, p. 157, " As to the herdsmen on the pas- 

 ture^ it must depend on the condition of the pasture. In enclosed grazing fields, one 

 persoa can take care of a great herd. In open unencumbered extended pastures, 

 oa-e lierdsman can take care of from 50 to 100 head, and with one assistant from 200 

 to 300 head. In wood pastures not enclosed or of narrow limits and not surrounded 

 with cultivated fields, or on field-pastures divided into portions, one herdsman with 

 only a herd of from 30 to 40 head needs an assistant." 



So Thaer, p. 89, says, " One cowherd will answer for from 50 to 60 head of cows 

 not only in the pasture — where with the assistance of a good hound one can keep 

 200 head in order — but also in the stall, if in the cutting of straw, &c., in winter he has 

 some help, and in summer too, but in this last case the- green fodder must be mowed 

 and brought."— Tr.] 



19. In stall-foddering in the summer, for 100 head of horned cattle, 

 cows and oxen of the middling kind, three men and one team are required 

 to cut, gather, and carry home the fodder, and also to litter and clean 

 out the stalls. 



If one head of full grown catde needs every day in the summer 100 lbs. of clover, 

 for the whole 100 head, 100 centners, or cwt. are daily necessary ; this is five or six 

 double-spanned cart-loads, which would employ one team the whole day. Now if 

 we suppose that of clover and vetches, of a fourth of a klafter, 12 lbs. of green fodder 

 should be obtained ; then one needs for 100 cwt. 883 square klafters, for which a half 

 day's work for mowing, and for raking and loading another half day's work would 

 be required. A third man therefore must be fully occupied in httering and foddering 

 and cleaning out the stalls. 



[A klafter is about 4^ square yards, so that 883 klafters are equal to 3973 square 

 yards, nearly 1000 yards less than an acre of English measure. One centner, or 

 cwt., is equal to about 123 lbs. English avoirdupoise weight. — Tr.] 



20. In winter-foddering it depends on the kind of fodder whether a 

 greater or less number of persons must be employed. Where we fodder 

 out hay and uncut straw, few men are needed ; where chopped straw, &tc. 

 (Hacksel) is fed out, a greater or less number of people will be required 

 according to the fineness of the chopped fodder. See Special Breeding of 

 Cattle, A. c. 21. 



{Our Author here refers to a previous portion of his Manual, mostly included further 

 on in the present treatise : he there says, " Hay as a shorter, thinner and moister body 

 is not usually cut ; and whoever fodders hay in the winter, as is the case in Italy, in 

 many parts of Switzerland, and Holland, has the least trouble in taking care of his 

 beasts. Straw should always be cut, in order to mix it more easily with hay, and to 

 spare the beasts the breaking to pieces of the long stalks. In our mountains in 

 Upper Stiermark, Tyrol, and Salzburg, where the breeding of cattle is the principal 

 object of husbandry, straw constitutes a very essential part of the winter-fodder of cattle. 

 It is cut from one to two inches long, which causes trouble that one must count on. Ge- 

 ricke estimates that one man in 8 hours can cut 31^ metzen of Hacksel at 8| lbs.: — 

 [a metzen in Austria is about 1.69, bushel] In Bohemia, it is estimated that in 

 8 hours the fodder-chopper will prepare 300 lbs. of long straw ready for seething. 

 In Mecklenburor, one herdsman must take care of 24 head of oxen or cows, and cut 

 the necessary Hacksel for them, which must be not longer than a half an inch. An 

 industrious man who works by the job there, can cut in the shortest days 45, and in 

 Februnry and March 60 metzen. But the Hacksel machines, driven by water will 

 give in 1 hour 315 lbs., f of an inch long." See p, 27. 



21. For milking ten heifers, an hour is allowed ; of larger ones which 



