16 ECONOMY OF FARMING. 



are nourished only with slops, their number must be limited to the quantity of tliis 

 food given." 



Veit, Vol. I. p. 158, says: ''In most cases, only so many swine are kept as may 

 be fed from the slops of the dairy, kitchen, garden, and brewery, and can be taken 

 care of by the domestics of the kitchen or of milch-cow-stalls. With a greater ex- 

 tension of this kind of stock, a keeper is needed for from 30 to 50 half-grown and full- 

 grown swine, and with an assistant he can keep from 60 to 100. For pasture, one 

 swine-herd according to the quality of the same, can drive 20 to 40 and yet more 

 head." He says also, on p. 516 of Vol. II. ; " In respect to the quality of fodder, 

 one head of swine for 100 lbs. of live-weight, uses 3 lbs. of hay-value to retain his 

 present state or as conservative-fodder ; therefore 3.7 to 4.5 lbs. remains of the 

 corresponding results of its use for the gain, and 6 or 7 lbs. are operated on with 

 profit."— Tr.] 



25. The amount of labor which is required in the culture of plants, has 

 already been mentioned in the General culture of plants. Every person 

 who has a rotation of crops can compute how many domestics (Dienst- 

 leute) he needs, and what will be the cost, when he knows what amount 

 of labor the sowing, hoeing, hilling, harvesting, threshing, cleaning, mow- 

 ing, drying, and carrying home of the different kinds of plants for grain, 

 for fodder, or for trade demand. 



[Veit, Vol. I. p. 163, has a large number of particular estimates on the number of 

 laborers and time required for certain quantities of land supposed to be tilled. &c., 

 some of which it may be useful to subjoin : " For breaking woodland with a single 

 or double yoke, one man can scarcely prepare -| a morgen in a day. (A Bavarian 

 morgen is about |- of an acre.) On newly broken up land one can go over with a 

 roller from 6 to 8 morgen (5 to 6 j acres) in a day. In harrowing it, he can accom- 

 plish 3 morgen (2^ acres) per day. Digging w^ith a spade ^ to 1 foot deep in loose 

 soil, 1 morgen (f acre) w41l require 30 to 40 days' work: in a tight soil 40 to 50 

 days' work : For digging land to the depth of two spades' length, or one and a half 

 to two feet, it will at least double the labor ; hoeing up with a potato-hoe, to the 

 depth of four to six inches for a morgen, will take from 16 to 20 days' work. To 

 prepare holes for trees, &c., according to the firmness of the soil and the depth 

 and circumference, but of the depth of two schuh (not quite t^vo feet English mea- 

 sure), and one and a half to two and a half schuh diameter, 30 or 40 of them is 

 a day's work. In paring turf to the depth of two to two and a half inches, a laborer 

 with a paring spade can do, for a day's work, 5000 to 6000 square feet. With 

 a common harrow, a man will go over in a day, of average soil 6 to 7 morgen (5 to 

 51 acres). Of manure, one can break up with a beetle about 1 morgen (or | acre) 

 per day. 



In mowing, in an even situation, one man, in a day, of 10 hours work, will mow 

 1| to 2 morgen (1^ to If acre), in a richer grow^th or on uneven surface, or with 

 interruptions, f to 1 morgen, (f to f acre) : In spreading hay, one person can spread 

 in a half a day, what three men can mow in a day : for turning the same ^ day's 

 work is necessary ; for raking it up and putting it in heaps a ^ day's work ; for 

 opening it ^ day's work ; for spreading it out, 4 to I day's work ; for raking up ready 

 for loading, f day's work ; for a lesser growth usually three swaths are raked up 

 in a row: for this for 1 morgen (or | an acre) there is needed for raking up and 

 dividing the swaths | day's work ; for turning, \ to f day's work ; for raking in win- 

 rows and cocking it f ; for spreading it out again 5 ; for raking up for loading 5 to | 

 day's work. 



The labor of loading depends on the hay, whether it is long or short. It is cus- 

 tomary to have two persons for pitching up the hay, and two for placing it on the 

 load, and two to rake after, for each cart. These should load one cart-load of hay, 

 from 18 cwt. to 20 cwt., in a good harvest, in 45 minutes ; in a moderate one 

 in 1 hour ; in a smaller one from 1 hour 12 minutes to 1 hour 15 minutes. If only 

 half the force is used it will take from 1^ to If- of an hour. The number of loads 

 carried must depend on the distance, &c., close by, 12 to 16 in a day, at a moderate 

 distance, 8 to 12, yet further off, 6 to 7 loads. 



In unloading, much depends upon the height, &c. If it is to be placed on a high 

 loft, there must be two men to unload 18 cwt. to 20 cwt., of heavy hay in 4 to 45 

 minutes, or if there be but one man he will unload it in from 50 minutes to 1^ hour, 



