ECONOMY OF FARMING. 21 



The yearly fodder therefore is : 



62 metzen of oats, = 105 bushels. 

 3330 lbs. of hay. 

 There is no doubt that a horse may be kept in full power without any grain by such 

 means of tbdler as cost the farmer less; in the summer, with green clover, vetches, 

 &c. ; in the winter, wit-h potatoes, carrots, and other dirferent nutritious root-plants. 

 Tlie success oi'this method of feeding is by many great experiments placed beyond 

 all doubt; and according to its introduction the question between oxen and horses 

 will probably become the more important." 



Again Vol. IV. p. 2S6 he says on the same subject: "The most common and 

 principal food for horses is grain, and usually oats is the most suitable. When otlier 

 grains are fed out in proportion to their nutritiousncss with fine Hacksel which ta!<es 

 the place of pulse with oats, a careful observer cannot see the slightest ditference. 

 Most usually rye is used as a substitute for oats. The unground barley, is decried 

 by some because it is in a great degree voided' undigested; but by others it is very 

 much praised. Wheat, we rarely meet as food for horses, and some have Ibund it 

 very injurious where they have been forced to use it but on closer investigation this 

 appears to me to be ov/ing to their not using it mixed with Hacksel, without which 

 indeed it very easily sticks up (verkleistert) the stomach. I have ^ed it out — but 

 mixed with Hacksel— with t'le best results." - With good o its for a firm horse of 

 moderate size, we reckon daily 3 miVssl (^= 9| quarts) or 8 lbs, of oits if he has 

 also 7 lbs. of hay ; and this on an average will keep the horse in a fair condi.'ion : in 

 unusaal labors it must be increased ; smaller horses need only 2 massl, and a large 

 one at least 4 or 5 miissl (or nearly 13 to 17 quarts)." 



'• The greater part of horses have hay with grain feed and some hay entirely." — 

 *' For the most part we consider 7 lbs. of hay equal to one massl (or 3 1 quarts) 

 of oats, and so as to weight they are as 8 :3." — " The very nutritious low-meadow 

 hay, • as also young clover, luzerne, and sainfoin-hay, is doubtless stronger, 

 and is as 7: 3; the coarse stalk as 9 : 3. But it is generally observed that if corn- 

 fod ler is supplied by more hay, the horse will be in better fl^sh and more enduring 

 for labor." - Whether green stall-fodder of clover, &c.. is good for a horse all do 

 not agree. — I am convinced that if properly managed the horse will be Icept sound 

 and in full power. The change from dry to green-fodder must be gradual. At first 

 clover must be cut up with straw, one portion a day. then two portions given in the 

 place of oats, then clover if it is in full blossom, as much as he will eat, anvl withdraw 

 the grain altogetlier. To give grain between green-fo.hler. is very poor manage- 

 ment, because it is voided without being digested. If any one wishes to connect 

 grain as food with green-fod.ler. it should be given the first thing in the morning; 

 and during the whole forenoon give him nothing green and no more grain during 

 the day." — '• The most suitable and beneficial root-fodder for horses are r^arrots, 

 which have been , washed, and pounded or cut coarsely at the rate of 12 massl 

 (equal to 39 quirts), with about 7 lbs. of hay per day. and sufficient straw." 



Veit's opinions are found in his 2d volume, pp. 334-333. &c. He says: '-To 

 decide tlie relative value of the domestic beasts for farming operations their indivi- 

 dual peculiarities must be estimated in respect to tlieir y ossible performance for the 

 objects of the liusbandman. and on the condition.^ or requirements of their corres'-ond- 

 ing Hunpo-t. because, from their peculiarities are derived their use and necpssity ; 

 and frequently their nature is opposed to the locahties of the farm ; hence observa- 

 tion must be directed partly to emploj?- the natural peculiarities of the beasts acconl- 

 ing to the highest use of the demands of the husbandman, and partly to modi'V them 

 accorling to the same; therefore to find the medium course, or the most r^roft^ible 

 relation between the highest result of their use and the least expensp." *' The nour- 

 ishment of horses demands the greatest expense because the cost of the fodder com- 

 prises the larijest part of the expense of the keeping of the domcsti:". anininls. and 

 rjecause es])ecially horse-fodder is very costly on account of the usual choice of the 

 grain-tluits." 



" By means of his masticatory organs, indeed, the horse can work over and rr^^^^e 

 for digestion, t'le nutritious matter in the mouth more than the ruminating nrimnls; 

 but he USPS also for it more saliva to the richpr spcretion of which, thereforp. the 

 more solid materials of fool must be provided for the horse, durinq- the masti^nt.ion 

 of v/hich the salivary sflnnds o^the mouth furnish the nep.essary snliva for mi'^frling 

 with the food. Too moist and especially too wntprv arti-^-les of fo.llpr dimi'^ish the 

 excitement of the salivary elands, antl too great'y dihite the other iui-^ps of the orjans 

 of digestion. B'odder with too great volume agrees least of all with him, because the 



