24 ECONOMY OF FARMING. 



12 lbs. of hay, of oats 3 massl (=:10 quarts,) of which the bushel weighs 50 lbs., and 

 3 lbs. of chopped mixture of rye-straw and clover. Loach l.orstb nceu 10 ILs. oi hay, 

 and a like quantity ol' oats and choppeu mixture ; sad le Ixorses. b lbs. of tiay, auvi a like 

 quantity of oats: horses ibr carrying loads with 15 lbs. oi iiay, UhC b to o n.afcsl ^ = 

 20 to 2b quarts, i of oats if they urag daily 12 to 15 cvvt. 4 n)ilcs ^ 12 Knghsi. miles. 

 DicKS0x\ says, that a man must give his \\orking horses <.aily, 10 lbs. of hay 5 anu lor 

 the week 1.16 metzen of oats (=^ about 1 bushels,^ and mucii as cLojiea mixture. 

 Gericke gives for a work horse | metzen of oats (:= buthel,) meizen ol 1 acl.iiti o. oat 

 and rye-straw (=-r bushel:, and 4 to 5 lbs of hay uaily. .Cue h(,r^e r tion in 

 the Austrian army consists of -•■ metzen of oats (=-0.72 quai-.t; anil b to 10 lbs. oi hay. 

 Cavahy horses have 8 lbs., and drag horses 10 lus. of nay." Loulon, \o1. 11.. yp. 

 974 975, has some remarks respecting the horse which are not iiu\\ ] rojriate to ti.is 

 place :— " The horse has one stomach only, and that a very siiiall tne. The situa- 

 tion of the stomach is immediately contiguous to tlie (haphragm or great breathing 

 muscle ; from which we are at no loss to under.- tand why a very luli meal obstrUv ts re- 

 spiration, and why it is so very imprudent to galiojj a hor.:,e very haj-J aikr urinKing or 

 eating very freely." " It is evident that too"^iull fceiiing must derange it (the stom- 

 ach),liot only by keeping it constantly distended, and thus weakening its capaci.y. Lut 

 by entrenching too much on its secreting office, and rt quiring an inorairatc quiainty 

 of gastric juice to saturate an undue qviantity of farin. ceuus natter." - The exeriiot;s 

 of Ihe horse require that he should tat largely and mitriiiously :— a horse will (at 2 

 or 3 pecks of corn, or 10 lbs. of hay at a meal and yet in a natural slate his stomach 

 will not hold half of either. As an aninail destined ibr cuii^k as Vvcll as great ( xer- 

 tion, his wants prompt him to take in a moderate portion of !bod only at a tinie. which 

 his peculiar digestive powers peculiarly fit him to convert into nutriment quickly a' d 

 efficaciously." ° On p. 1005, he says: ' Hay should never be jjiven in large quantities 

 at a time; horses breathe uion it, become disgusted ami waste it." ' As b\u i~1i;utes 

 for hay the straw of wheat barley, oats and^rye are used; but these are nai; h I ss 

 nutritive, and rather serve to excite mastication by mixing lliem with otkn- nat- 

 ters, than are to be depended upon for animalization." Cats is saivi to contain 748 

 parts of nutritious matter out of 1000. Among the pulse nsentioned. beans tire never 

 to be given alone on account of their heating or ;: stringent quidilies, but ;ire to be 

 mixed'vvith straw or hay cut into chalT. either whole or bro! en. / mong the roots, 

 carrots stand deservedly high, are highly nutritious, genernte good fitsh are favora- 

 ble to the action of the lungs, and frequently a course of them will remove the most 

 obstinate cough. ParsnipsT Swedish turnifs and beets ak^o are good. Of nnxed 

 food, one of the best is of" a chaff made of one part ot' the best meadow or clover 

 hay. and two parts of wheat stra\v ; to 3bushels of this mixture add one of oals. The 

 importance of bruising or flattening the oats is very gre;it." Corn (grain) sliould be 

 bruised when used alone. •' A horse in full work, of whatever kind w ill require according 

 to his size, a peck of sound oats in twenty hours." " Tlie quantity of hay required for 

 saddle horses which are corn-fed, is from 6 to 8 lbs. in 24 hours. For wagon and 

 flirin horses, from 15 to 20 lbs. may be requisite." '■ ]t sbonld be divided into 4 por- 

 tions, the largest portion both of hay and corn (grain) slsould be given at night, the 

 next largest in the morning, the other two txt noon and evening." On p. 101 1 : -' Tlie 

 general management of farm horses in tlie improved districts of the North, may he 

 presented as a good exam]ie. There, for about 4 months in sumnjer, horses are led 

 in pastures, or on clover and rye-grass and tares cut green, and brouglit homie to 

 the stable or fold-yard ; the latter method being by fir the most economical tmd ad- 

 vantageous. For the other eight months, they are kept on the stra\y of oats, beans 

 and peas, and on clover and rye-grass hay. As soon as the grtiss lails. toward the 

 end of Autumn, they have hay for a few wee] s; and when the days become so short 

 as to allow of no more than from 6 to 8 hours' work, they are very generally fed with 

 different kinds of straw, according to the circumstances of tlie f.irm ; in the month of 

 March, they arc again put to hay till th.e grass is ready for being cut. Througlsout 

 all the year they are allowed more or less corn (grain) when constantly worked, and 

 during 'the time they are on dry fodder, ptirticularly when on straw, they have pota- 

 toes, yams, or Swedish turnirs". once a day. sometimes boiled barley, and in a few in- 

 Btances carrots. A portion of some of these roots is ofg-rrat imrortance to the health 

 ol horses, when succulent herbaore is first exchanered for hay at the end of Autunm, 

 and it Is no less so towards the latter en;1 of Srring. when "htiy has become sapless 

 and the labor is usually severe." "Such horses are fed with oats sorretimes with 

 beans, 3 times a day for about 8 months, and twice a day f'>f the other four when at 

 grass, and at the rate of S feeds a bushel each horse will eat 15 quarters = 120 bushels 



