22 ECONOMY OF FARMING. 



in winter-foJ 'cr, for 215 days. 

 Imy, 14 lbs. ^ 



straw-fodder, 8 lbs, > daily, 

 potatoes, 14 lbs. ; 

 The extent of pasture required for different animals during a summer is given by 

 Thaer us ibllows: 



" i^ or i cow. \^ yoke, — . to nearly 2 acres. For 1 horse, 2 yoke, = 2 - acres. 

 For 1 drauglit or laboring-ox, 1 j yoke == 2^ acre, nearly. For a sheep or swine, -^^ 

 of a yoke, 3 acre." 



Fl'iri says: -'In general, ivc may allow any amount of pasture to be proportioned 

 as Ibllows ; the same space, ibr 

 12 cows, or 



8 horses. 



9 team oxen. 

 IC coUs. 



21 young cattle. 



10 large and small swine who get their whole food from it. 

 120 head of sheep so as not to sutler want of food." 

 The extent of stall-room for ditlcrent animals accordincr to Veit, is : 



For a horse weighing hve-wt. 1000 to 1200 lbs., 

 " working ox, 

 " fatting " 

 " cow, 

 " a bullock, 

 " ewe, 

 " wether, 

 " yearling sheep, 

 " sow, 



" a young boar, 



Thaer, Vol. I. p. 77, says : " The fodder of oxen is very differently orderi d in its 

 quality and quantity. In common farms, where one uses oxen only part of the year, 

 and wlicre there is a deficiency usuall}^ of winter-fodder, it is extremely scanty. 

 They use in the winter months straw% and only in the spring wdien labor commences 

 is hay given, which is reckoned at i2, at the highest 16 cwt. per head." " When 

 oxen are kept in a good state, they must have in dry fodder daily on an average 20 

 lbs. of hay, and consequently 40 cwt. must be reckoned for one ox yearly." "In 

 farms where so much hay cannot be given, it must be supplied by grain, and best 

 ground or broken up. One metzen of oats (1.69 bushel) is as much Ibod as 1\ cwt. 

 of good hay, or 1 lb. of oats is equal to 2 lbs. of hay. If therefore 3 lbs. of oats are 

 given daily, then 6 lbs. less of hay may be given, and the ox remain in equal, pro- 

 bably greater strength. The most profitable fodder for winter without doubt is with 

 potatoes, or other nutritious roots. If an ox has daily 2 massl, (about 6| quarts) 

 with 1 1 lbs. of hay, he will, according to much experience, keep in full strength. In 

 the summer, oxen must be cither kept at pasture, and then one reckons 1^- usual 

 extent of cow-pasture to an ox ; or the ox is foddered in the stall with green clover, 

 (soiling) vetches, or other fodder-plants. A strong laboring-ox requires then daily 

 on an average 5| square klafters of red clover (= 25 square yards), in two cuttings — 

 consequently for the season ,\ of a yoke (= about f of an acre)." "Numerous ex- 

 amples have proved that oxen remain in perfect strength, and abler to work than 

 by going to pasture, if this fodder is properly managed. The cost of an ox there- 

 fore, according to the different species of fodder, may be reckoned at: 

 (a.) 40 cwt. of hay.— Summer pasture. 

 (b.) 200 days, hay at 15 lbs. = 30 cwt. 



'j " oats, 7 metzen = 12 bushels. 

 165 " pasture. 

 (c.) hay, 18 cwt. 



daily, 2 massl of potatoes, is 21 metzen = 36 bushels. 

 (d.) Stall foddering. 

 Hay. 18 cwt. 



daily, 2 mjissl of potatoes, =21 metzen = 36 bushels, 

 green clover. 

 Veit divides the fodder of an animal into ^^ cnnserrat io7i-fo(ld rr,\vh\ch is the quan- 

 tity necessary to keep the animal alive in his present state, and melioration-fodder^ 



