ECONOMY OF FARMING. 33 



the quantity necessary to be employed in improving his condition. Thus an ox of 

 600 lbs. of flesh or dead weight, uses in a month 600 lbs. of hay, or 20 lbs. daily to b© 

 retained in his present state, wherefore his dead weight is to his living as 55 to 100, 

 and therefore his live -weight is 1090 lbs., consequently his daily need of nutriment as 

 conservation-fodder is 1.85 to 100 lbs. of live-weight. If now there is proportioned to 

 100 lbs. of his live weight daily 3 lbs. of hay ; then in the whole live-weight there 

 would be 32.7 lbs., so that the surplus 12. 7 lbs. would be employed as melioration- 

 fodder, and assimilated for the formation of fat and flesh, &c. Hence the conser- 

 vation-fodder bears to 100 lbs. of Uve-weight, in cattle or kine 1.85 lbs., in sheep 1.85, 

 horses 2 lbs., swine 3 lbs." 



Veit, also, in Vol. II. p. 420, thus expresses himself on the subject of fodder for 

 cattle : " The solid, more dry than too watery, juicy, and moist materials of fodder, 

 correspond more to the object of usefulness consisting in the performance of labor, 

 because by strengthening the working-animal in labor, the organs of digestion are 

 put into greater activity, whereby the easily decomposed, and rapidly assimilating mate- 

 rials of food, quickly gather to themselves those that are not lasting, and therefore the 

 duration of the process is shortened. The most suitable principal article of fodder in 

 the winter is hay, partly uncut, partly cut with good straw for chafl' (Hacksel). In ad- 

 dition also may be used root and knob-plants, broken grain, &c. If a greater quantity 

 of juicy articles of fodder are used, it should not be omitted after each feeding to 

 give for an after-food for each head 2 lbs. of long hay. Besides, let them drink as 

 they wish, and in sufficient quantity, which, especially in warm weather and with hard 

 labor, is indispensably necessary, and yet is so easily neglected. In the summer, 

 green fodder usually forms the principal article of food. By itself only it is not suffi- 

 ciently lasting. In such a case, it is to be cut on the Hacksel-board, and mixed with 

 Hacksel from hay and straw, or at each time of feeding 2 to 3 lbs. of long hay, to 

 be given alone. Care must likewise be taken to make an addition of bruised grain 

 at short periods, in the greatest pressure of labor. The working-ox is more suscep- 

 tible with respect to the weather than the horse, does not bear great heat or cold^ 

 drought and wet so easily, and must therefore be employed at work with care : espe- 

 cially is the working-ox injured by too great fatigue in a hot day, as well as by too 

 hard driving and urging forward at a distance, or in returning home from work." 

 " The yearly expense of the articles of fodder of a working-ox in Bavaria is — 



1. In summer fodder from 1st of June, to the end of September, 120 days: 

 green clover-fodder in the worthof hay daily, at 18 lbs. 



= 2160lbs.at23kreutzers(=16:|:cts.)percwt. = 8 florins 16 kreutzers =$3,96 

 long meadow-hay, at 5 lbs. = 600 lbs., at 22 kr. 



(=16cts.) ------- 2 " 12 « =1,05 



bruised grain 1 lb. = 120 lbs. in the worth of hay, 



240 1bs. at40kr. (=30cts) - - - 1 « 36 " =0,75 



2. For winter-fodder through 245 days : 



hay per day, 14 lbs. = 3430 lbs. a 22 kr. - 12 « 34 '^ = 5,49 



straw for fodder 8 lbs. daily = 1960 lbs. at 16 kr. 



(= 12 cts.) ------- 5 " 13 « = 2,50 



potatoes 14 lbs. daily = 3430 lbs. in worth of hay 



= 1715 lbs. at 30 kr. = 22 cts. - - ^ - 8 " 34 " =4,09 



for 91 cwt. of the worth of hay in the whole at 



25 25 kreutzers, ----- 38 " 25 " = $18,54 



Respecting the feed of oxen, Sir John Sinclair, in his Scottish Husbandry, men- 

 tions the case of Mr. Walker, whose bullocks never tasted any other food during 

 winter except turnips and straw, with perhaps a handful of hay while the ploughmen 

 were eating Iheir dinner under the hedge, that they were never spared a day's usual 

 work ; and that he had ascertained that thus fed one ox was equal to the work of 

 two on hay alone. There is quite a difference in the nutritive matter of turnips of 

 diflferent varieties. The Swedish turnip appears, from a comparative estimate given 

 in the British Husbandry, to be the most nutritive, as 30 tons yields 216 cwt. of nu- 

 tritive matter. The quantity of water in turnips and potatoes is said by good autho- 

 rity to vary in different kinds, so that 100 tons of turnips contain sometimes only 9 

 tons of dry feeding-matter, and sometimes more than 20 tons, and potatoes some- 

 time" only 20, sometimes 30 tons. 



In the Annates de I'Agriculture Frangaise, Dec, 1828, mention is made of a kind 

 of sourcrout used in Prussia, and which is prepared by "putting cabbages into large 

 stone receptacles, after chopping them and sprinkling tliem wi^ salt The mixture 



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