2 ECONOMY OF FARMING. 



his Grandsatze der Rationellen Landwirthschaft, (Elements of Rational Land-Hus- 

 bandry,) Vol. I., p. 62, observes, "By the word Economy we understand, in reference 

 to the doctrine of Land-Husbandry, the doctrine of the proportional relations, and 

 of the management and employment of those powers by which production is chiefly 

 obtained ; and therefore it treats of the procuring, maintaining and management of 

 the laboring force ; of the proportion of the stock of cattle, or much more of fodder 

 and manure to Agriculture ; of the divisions of the field founded thereon, or the 

 system of operations in reference to the most perfect possible attainment of the object 

 of this business, according to each locality ; the highest possible consequent pure 

 profit out of the whole of the business, and finally of the direction of the business, 

 and its exhibition in books and accounts." Veit also, in his Handbuch Landgueter- 

 Verwaltimg, (Manual of the Administration of Landed Estates,) vol. i. p. 12, thus ob- 

 serves on the same subject : " The chief object of this business is the highest possi- 

 ble surplus of the receipts of the business from vegetable and animal production, 

 over the outlay for the same. The knowledge of the conditions of that highest and 

 best production, or the knowledge of production, lies in, and will be set forth in the 

 branch of instruction concerning the special raising of plants and animals; the 

 aim now is to learn to know the means on which rests that highest production, their 

 efficacy, cost, necessity, mode of acquiring and employing them. But of the means 

 of production, it is desirable that they may give the highest possible efiicacy for a 

 certain amount, on which the surplus of the results over the expense of production 

 may be the greatest possible. The highest development of the powers dwelling in 

 the means of production, will follow, if they are employed at the right time, in the 

 right measure, and in the right mode." " To know how so to place proportionately, 

 and unite together reciprocally all the branches or parts of the organization of busi- 

 ness, that every one may be in a situation to repay the proposed expense with a 

 corresponding profit, and all together in their common direction, be able to reach 

 the highest object of business, is called the Knowledge of the Organization, or 

 THE Direction of the business of Land-Husbandry." — Tr.] 



SECTION II. 



DIVISION OF THE DOCTRINE OF THE HOUSEHOLD. 



1. The Household is divided into the outer and inner, 



2. The otiter-Kousehold teaches the knowledge and suitable connec- 

 tion of the relations between Agriculture and the breeding of cattle. 



3. The mner-Household teaches the arrangement of the occupations ; 

 their general oversight and accounts, as well as the reciprocal duties of 

 the different members of a well-ordered Household. 



SECTION III. 



OF THE OUTER HOUSEHOLD AFFAIRS. 



1. In conducting farming operations, the labor of men and beasts is 

 requisite, as also articles of food for the support of men, beasts and plants. 



Though we find tracts of land in rare places which need no manure, yet even there 

 beasts are necessary for the cultivation of such lands ; and if, too, there are some 

 regions where no agriculture is carried on, but only the raising of cattle ; yet in 

 Germany at least, winter-fodder for the cattle, and the cultivation of meadows are 

 necessary. 



[The importance of having a diversity of articles of food for cattle, has been 

 shown during the past winter and spring in many parts of Ohio and Michigan, 

 where we are told that many cattle have died, and many more have been killed, in 



