ECONOMY OF FARMING. 43 



" 2. A working-horse uses more, and better fodder, than the working-ox, which 

 increase of the quantity and quaUty of fodder, other circumstances of tlie value of 

 fodder being equal, is at least a third part of tlie food of an ox, which in time of 

 necessity, is satisfied with the smallest quantity and of ditierent quality, 



" 3. The other costs, of keeping, team-harness, appurtenances oi" carriage, shoeing, 

 care, repairs of apparatus and buildings, &c., are higher in the same proportion, than 

 for wor ing-oxen. 



" 4. The horse has, if no more used for labor, no value for use ; therefore, the pur- 

 chase-capital nmst be recovered iVom the number of years, whilst the laboring-ox, 

 after his performance of labor, ca;i be fattened with great profit. 



" 5. On account of their temper tinent, horses especially, in case of the care of 

 them being neglected, are exposed to many inflammatory complaints. The risk, 

 therefore, is so much the greater, as they are of no value after they ar3 dead. On 

 the contrary, oxen are exposed to fewer illnesses, and for the most part of the asthenic 

 kind, of longer duration, in consequence of which, if danger threatens, they can yet 

 be slaughtered. 



" 6. The working-horse gives, though he needs more fodder, less manure than 

 the working-ox." 



'' Hence, from these results the following rules follow : 



" 1. That in farms where cows are used for the conunon team-labors of husbandry, 

 Bone or kw oxen should be kept ; on the contrary, more horses, and particularly for 

 all those kinds of work which can be performed neither by cows nor oxen with equal 

 profit. 



" 2. That in countries where horses can be procured to advantage, and many and 

 remote carriages are to be made over the land, and many grounds lie at a distance 

 from the farm-house, the roads and ways are in a bad condition, &c., more horses 

 should be kept than oxen. 



"3. That on the contrary, where fattening-fodder is easily produced or obtained, 

 and the fattening of cattle is profitable ; or where the proportionate fodder for oxen is 

 easier raised than that for horses, more oxen should be kept than horses ; and of 

 these latter, only so many as those labors demand, which cannot be performed by 

 other kinds of working-cattle." 



Veit gives also the following as the rate of insurance of the different animals 

 mentioned, which may show how the hazards of exposure to death are viewed by 

 those who have been at pains to ascertain these things : 



The losses by fatal accidents are difforent according not only to the different spe- 

 cies of cattle, but to different ages : as the following table shows : 



Loudon, quoting from the Gentleman Farmer, has the following, among other ob- 

 servations, deserving consideration on this subject, Vol. II. p. 782. "Another objec- 

 tion is, that an ox-team capable of performing the work of two horses, even such kind 

 of work as they can perform, consumes the produce of considerable more land than 

 the horses. If this be the case, it is of no great importance, either to the farmer or the 

 community, whether the land be vinder oats or under herbage and roots. The only 

 circumstance to be attended to here is, the carcass of Ihe ox ; the value of this in sta- 

 ting the consunnntiTn of pro lu33 must be ad led to the value of his labor. He con- 

 sumes from his birth till he goes to the shambles, the produce of a certain number of 



