46 ECONOMY OF FARMING. 



look better than if they are not so changed The correctness of this position will be 

 ehown most admirably by a comparison of the number of cattle for teams required in 

 Brandenburg, where they change with three oxen at the plough three limes— with 

 tliat of Thuringia where they labor with the same team all day. See Thaer's An- 

 nals, Vol. IV. pp. 660. 



1.5. If the field is already ploughed and has not yet become hard, or if a 

 person makes furrows of only 3 to 4 inches depth, one might easily plough 

 up more land in a day. 



The FrOhner in some parts of Austria and Hungary, are obliged to plough up 

 with their poor horses 2000 square cords (klafters) ; the peasants in Prussia 1800 square 

 cords in a day. How such furrows look may be easil}'- imagined. 



[As a square klafter is 1600th part of a yoke, 2000 square klafters are equal to some- 

 what more than 1| acres, and 1800 klafters equal to 1} acres Enghsh. On p. 11, a 

 klafter was computed at 4^ sq. yards ; it is however nearer 5 sq. yds. English. — Tr.J 



16. The longer the field is, the more can be ploughed of an equal 

 depth of furrow, because a man loses less time in turning about. The 

 narrower the beds of the field are, the more can one plough up, because a 

 greater space of the field between the furrows of the beginning of the field 

 (Anfangs-furchen) is left unploughed, than if the beds are broad ; and a 

 man can work over more land with a Hacken (another kind of plough), 

 than with a common plough, because the furrows made by the Hacken are 

 12 — J 4 inches broad, and only a part of the land is turned over. 



If the field is 100° (klafters) long, then 16° breadth will give a yoke (1.422 acres). 

 If the furrows be made 11 inches broad, and a person plough in a 24-lurrovv'ed bed, 

 there will be 4.354 beds. Should a man plough the field wholly even v/ith with a 

 Norisch, or hill-side plough, then 104 furrows would be necessary. But because here 

 for each bed tvvo furrows are to be deducted, which lie as unploughed land in the 

 centre of the bed ; so there would be needed to be made only 95.3 furrows. For 

 every turning about on an average one minute at least must be allowed, partly lo 

 make the circuit and partly to allow the beasts to urine, to right the plough, &c.. by 

 which 95 minutes are lost. The day's work consists of 9 hours ; there remains 

 therefore for forming the furrows 7^ hours, and since 95.3 furrows each 100 klafters 

 (= about 600 feet) long, contain 9530 klafters, and 7h hours contain 25,800 sec- 

 onds, therefore the beasts must proceed at the rate of a klafters length (about 6 feet) 

 in 2.7 seconds. If a man plough in 4-furrowed beds, there are then on a breadth of 

 66 inches, only 4 furrows, i. e. -Jr of the plough-land is not ploughed, and from 104 

 furrows 34 : must be deducted ; there remains then to be ploughed only 69^ furrows ; 

 i. e. 7133 klafters furrow-length, which with equal activity of the beasts a person can 

 plough in 5 9 hours. If for the same space, 7 1 hours are taken; then the beasts 

 should go about -^ sloAver and employ 3^ seconds on the length of a klafter (about 6 

 feet); or should \hey go as rapidly^ they Avould plough about -^ more, i. e. 2133 

 square klafters. 



[The fields under cultivation by the plough, &c., in Germany, are most generally 

 divided into beds, and as they are successively ploughed up, what one year was the 

 centre of the bed, the next year becomes the edge of one, while the edge of the pre- 

 vious year becomes the centre of the next. It is evident, therefore, that in the centre 

 of each new bed there will be two furrows' width, which will be covered over by the 

 furrows turned on them from opposite si<les; for each bed then, as our Author says, 

 there must be deducted 2 furrows' width, and as by his supposition of 24-furrowed 

 beds there were 4 beds and a fraction over in the 104 furrows, he deducts above, 

 the width 8 and a fraction, from the 104 furrows. As the estimates by klafters in 

 the preceding statement is merely proportional, the reduction to our measure did not 

 seem always necessary ; the data are furnished in the Translator's Note under 15, 

 and also in' the Table of Weights and Measures, subjoined to this work. 



On the subiects embraced in the preceding paragranhs numbered 9 — 16. there are 

 some particulars gathered from Veit. Thaer. and others, which may be introduced 

 here. With reference to the day's work of a span, Veit says tliat " according to 

 the rule" of economical management, &c. 



