ECONOMY OF FARMING. 53 



Rogeis, in Steirmark, on 100 yokes (142.2 acres) of plough-land and 12 of meadow 

 (17 acres), had 4 horses, 6 oxen. Mellow soil, warm exposure. 



In the Netherlands, says Balsamo, quoted by Schwertz, they allow for conducting 

 agriculture, on an average 5 Bunder, equal to 11| yokes (from 15 to 16 acres) for a 

 horse. In Tournay, a farm of 112^ yokes (159| acres) had 10 working horses. In 

 Ath, on 135 yokes 192 acres), there were 12 horses; another farmer held 6 horses 

 necessary for 30 Bunder, equal to 67^ yokes (96 acres). The farm of Von Lille, at 

 Voorde, had 8 horses for 40 Bunder, equal to 90 yokes (128 acres). In the region of 

 Contigh, they allow for 10 Bunder of plough-land, equal to 22 i- yokes (32 acres) 2 

 horses. 



The peasantry farms in South Germany, in Alsace, and also in the Netherlands, 

 where they have no fallows, keep a proportionally greater number of cattle for teams 

 than the larger estates. In Alsace (Alsace Husbandry, p. 47), Schwertz reckons 

 one horse to 5^ yokes (7 3^ acres;. In Carinthia, hi the warmer parts of the country, 

 for 10 yokes ( 14.22 acres) of plough land, there are 2 oxen and 1 horse ; and in the cold 

 regions, and with natural grass growth (E gar ten) husbandry, and numerous pastures, 

 they reckon 4 oxen. But where fallowing is practised, few cattle are found. In 

 Marchfield, in Austria, on an average there are 2 horses to 24 to 30 yokes (34 to 

 42f acres). So, too, in Bohemia, on 30 to 35 yokes (42 j to nearly 50 acres) of plough 

 land, there are only 2 horses, although the peasants when they hold the whole fiel 

 must give up two tiays in Austria, and in Bohemia 3 days of the week as FrOhner, or 

 to soccage service. 



In England they have, in the similar circumstances, more team-cattle than in Ger- 

 man3^ because the climate allows of the cultivation of the soil nearly the whole year, 

 and a greater part of their fields are temporarily used for meadow and pasture. 



Mr. Bloomfield, in Norfolk, had, on 563^ yokes of plough-land (793 acres) only 



16 farm horses; but Mr. Hunter of Tynnefield, in Scotland, had 16 on 405-9 

 yokes (434 acres) ; he could plough through the whole winter, and sow winter 

 wheat in the clover stubble field, from the middle of January to the 12th of March. In 

 the vicinity of London they allow on 70 yokes (100 acres) of plough-land, and a 

 proportional quantity of meadow, as with us, 6 horses. — (Begtrupll. p. 161.) 



Dickson quotes many estimates as to how many team-cattle one requires in differ- 

 ent descriptions of farming. With 2 horses and 4 oxen, often 70, often 140, and more 

 yokes ( 100 or 200 acres) of plough land are cultivated. 



Thaer, in his estimates of labor on an assumed extent of 444 yokes (621| acres) of 

 plough-land, and 62^ yokes (85 acres) of meadow, and 133 yokes (189-,Vo- acres) of 

 pasture, cultivated on the threefield (Dreifield) system, allows 15 horses ; on 100 yokes 

 (142 2 acres) 3f horses. In the 8-division-Koppel system, he reckons for 552^ 

 yokes of plough-land (787^ acres), 66 1 yokes of meadow (85 acres) and 44.4 

 yokes of pasture (62 acres), 12 horses to be sufficient, or on 100 yokes of plough- 

 land (142.2 acres), 2| horses, and for the same extent, on the system of the rota- 

 tion of crops in 7 to 11 divisions which is connected with stall-feeding, he considers 



17 horses to be sufficient, wdiich is for 100 yokes ( 142.2 acres) 3 i horses, and thus less 

 in number than on the threefield (Dreifield) system. 



It appears to me impossible, with so Uttle team, to manage plough-land in 

 Germany. 



I regret that I cannot give from my own experience a closer estimate of the number 

 of team-cattle, on a cultivated extent, because my particular circumstances make a 

 greater number of horses necessary than the conduct of a farm requires. But I am en- 

 tirely convinced I could succeed now with 7 horses on 100 yokes (142.2 acres) of plough- 

 land, with 30 yokes (42 1 acres) of meadow, although I should cultivate the 5th part 

 of the field that required to be tilled, with a Hacken : as maize (Indian corn), potatoes, 

 Swedish turnips, and on the stubble of winter rye, buckwheat, turnips, maize, and 

 mixed fodder. But the soil is very easy, loamy sand, and the fields and meadows 

 are near the house. 



[It may be well here to introduce, for the sake of comparison, a few estimates re- 

 specting the subjects above mentioned, from the British Husbandry: they include, 

 also, the number of men, &c. : — 



On 150 acres were 4 plough-horses, 1 hack-horse, two ploughmen, one common or 

 jobbing laborer, two laborers, one boy, two women. 



On another of 200 acres, 6 draught-horses, 2 young ones, 2 draught-oxen, 2 steers, 

 four men constantly employed, two boys, and two women, and extra laborers in time 

 of harvest. 



On 500 acres, in Scotland, as appears from the Quarterly Journal of Agricullure, 



