ECONOMY OF FARMING. 91 



It -n torn, 



" By clover, grass, or herbage, hay, &r.., firsc year - - 6 



" " if mowed the second year - - - - 51 



" pulse-crops — as beans — part of the grain being fed by live stock 5^ 



" " when the grain is sold - - - - 5 



" white or corn crops, as wheat, barley, &c., 

 as an average of the whole 



" Meadow-land, which gives 1| ton of hay to an acre, has been calculated to give 

 6f tons of manure to the acre." 



As to the quantity of manure voided, we find it mentioned that " 36 cows and 4 

 horses tied up ate 50 tons of hay, and had 20 acres (equal to probably 25 tons) of 

 straw for litter, from which they produced 200 loads of rotten dung." An experi- 

 rnent made with a horse is thus g-iven for one week : 



" He drank within the week 27 gallons of water, and during his time of exercise (1 

 hour each day), the loss of the dung is supposed to have been 4 lbs. daily, or 28 lbs., 

 in which period therefore, 



The total forage consumed amounted to 210 lb. 

 And the dung and litter produced was 227 " 

 "Thus — if the lost dung be added — yielding with the addition of the moisture im- 

 parted to the litter by urine, an increase off beyond the weight of the solid food." 



Another experiment was with a cow, " which was fed during four-and-twenty 

 hours with the following provender : 



81 lbs. of brewers' grains, 

 30 " raw potatoes, 

 15 " meadow-hay. 

 " The food thus amounted to 126 lbs. She drank 2 pailsful of water, and the urine 

 was allowed to run off; but she had no straw or litter of any kind, and the weight 

 of the solid dung which was carefully swept up amounted to 45 lbs." 



A third was on the same cow, which consumed in 24 hours 170 lbs. of potatoes and 

 38 lbs. of hay, and the solid manure amounted to 73 lbs. It is said, however, that in 

 this last case her milk fell off 2 quarts per day. Arthur Young states in the Papers 

 of the Bath and West of England Society, that from a winter stock of 6 horses, 4 

 cows, and 9 lean hogs, which consumed 16 loads of hay, with 29 loads of straw for 

 litter, besides the usual quantity of oats for working-cattle, the quantity of manure 

 obtained was 118 loads each of 36 bushels, and "45 oxen, littered while fattening 

 with 20 wagon-loads of stubble, are said to have produced 600 tons of rotten duno-.''' 



Tr.] 



32. But because the plants for fodder obtained on the fields and meadows, 

 must be employed for the nourishment of beasts, by which a part of their 

 substance is dissipated by the processes of digestion ; and because in the 

 putrefaction of the manure in the stalls and on the dunghills, a part of the 

 substance is wholly lost in the form of air ; we must therefore replace, ac- 

 cording to the proportion of this loss, a greater part than is furnished in 

 fodder and litter by the restoration of organic and inorganic matter employ- 

 ed for the production of plants, and of that given in addition to make up the 

 quantity by weight taken out for the production of manure. 



In the estimate quoted above, as well as in that extracted from p. 180, Vol. I., and 

 in the following one, no regard must be had to the loss of substance, partly in order 

 not to render complex this generally only hypothetical calculation, and partly be- 

 cause it is more than probable that the straw of the culmiferous grains should not be 

 wholly ascribed to the humus, as is the case in this estimate, but also owes an impor- 

 tant portion of its weight to the constituent parts of the air, water, and mineral 

 bodies. 



33. From the amount of the production in vegetables of different kinds 



