102 ECONOMY OF FARMING, 



general it can in no wise be determined how great the number of head of 

 cattle to be kept for manure, &ic, (Nutsthiere) , must be, by which the 

 manure required may be produced. 



5. Should a head of cattle yield a certain mass of manure in the stall, so 

 there must be voided a certain quantity of excrement which is mixed with 

 a certain quantity of litter. But as the weight of the excrements stands in 

 an equal proportion with the weight of the given fodder ; so will a person 

 obtain only as much manure as he employs fodder and litter in the stalls, 

 and while the beasts remain in the same. If the beasts are pastured, then 

 their production of manure is to be reckoned according to the proportion of 

 time in which they are brought up into the stalls. 



[Veit quotes Vol. I. p. 287. from an average of estimates of his own, and of Block, 

 the following result, as exhibiting the production of manure from different kinds of 

 fodder, and with different animals. 



Of one lb. of Horse. Cattle. Sheep. 



1. Usual meadow hay, . . . 1.50 2.00 1.25 



2. Straw-fodder .... 1.40 1.90 1.20 



3. Grass and clover in a green state, 0.40 0.60 0.37 



. „ , , , , + VI S Potatoes, 0.50 0.70 0.25 



4. Roots ana knob-vegetables, ^ ^^^^.^^ ^^^ ^ ^^ 3^ 



5. Grain, 1.50 2.00 1 00 



6. Straw litter, 1.70 2.20 1.37 



But should the materials for fodder be reduced to hay-value, they would give, ia 

 manure on one lb. of hay-value. 



When 100 lbs. of 



hay are equal to Horses. Cattle. Sheep. 



1. Usual meadow hay, . . .100 1.50 2.00 1.25 



2. Straw fodder, ... 200 2.80 3.80 2.00 



3. Grass and clover in a green state, . 450 1.80 270 1.50 

 . „ , 11V . ui < Potatoes, 200 1.00 1.40 0.74 



4. Roots and knob vegetables : ^ turnips, 300 1.05 1.50 0.75 



5. Of grain, . . . .50 0.75 0.90 O.CO 



By which it appears that of 1 lb. of hay, one head of cattle yields 2 lbs , one horse 

 1.4 lbs. and one sheep 1 .2 lbs. of manure. If, therefore, the articles of food be reduced 

 to hay-value, as they may be by the tables heretofore given, the multiplier may be 

 easily used, as respects either the horse or a head of cattle or a sheep." — Tk.] 



6. In order to compute accurately beforehand the mass of manure, there- 

 fore, we must know how much a working animal, or one kept for manure, 

 &tc., consumes in a day ; how much litter is given out ; how the weight 

 of the fodder eaten is proportioned to the weight of dung ; and how great 

 the loss of weight in dung and litter may be by putrefaction. 



7. But because only that manure is at the free disposal of the farmer which 

 is obtained in the stalls, so regard must be had to the time in which the 

 beasts are brought into the stalls, and we must deduct for those beasts for 

 labor, which are foddered in the stalls, that time which they spend out of 

 them on account of being employed in labor, as well as for those which are 

 pastured, and so fed out of the stalls, that time of the increase of manure 

 must be counted in which, in the summer, they are kept in the stalls. 



How much fodder beasts need in proportion to their size and use, is given in the 

 Special Rearing of cattle. The consumption of litter must be governed by the quan- 

 tity and kind of fodder, and partly by the surplus which one has of these materials, 

 and the space which each particular beast occupies; it is sometimes 3, sometimes 6 

 lbs. of straw. 



[On the subjects embraced in some of the immediately preceding paragraphs, I will 

 also introduce some other computations of Veit which may farther aid in the labor 



