ECONOMY OF FARMING. 125 



In Carinthia, I. 1, Winter-rye, manured ; 2, Oats ; 3, Summer-rye, manured ; 4, 5, 

 and 6, Egarten. 



II. 1, Oats, manured ; 2, Summer-rye, manured ; 3, Winter-rye, manured ; 4, 5, and 

 6, Egarten. 



III. 1, Summer-wheat, manured ; 2, Oats ; 3, Winter-rye, manured, 4, 5, and 6, 

 Egarten. 



IV. 1, Oats, without manure ; 2, Winter-rye, unmanured ; 3, Summer-rye, ma- 

 nured ; 4, 5, and 6, Egarten. 



The rotation of crops on these lands is always determined by the climate and the 

 quantity of manure which one obtains by mountain-meadows, pastures, and wood- 

 Utter. For each fruit the soil is only once ploughed before sowing, partly because 

 there is not time to plough oftener, and partly because it is not desired to uproot, but 

 only to keep under the weeds existing in the soil ; manure is always employed for 

 the last fruit, so as not to weaken the power for grass growth. 



In the level country of Northern Germany, the Koppel-wirthschaft has been re- 

 cently introduced ; they became more intimately acquainted with it by the inter- 

 course with Denmark and England, where this mode of farming, has been common 

 from time immemorial. We must make a distinction between this system of hus- 

 bandry, as practised in Holstein, and in Mecklenburgh. The first has, as is the case 

 with our grazing-syslem, the rearing of cattle more for an object, than the cultivation 

 of grain, and has no fallows ; but varies in this, that they have more divisions, i. e., 

 they harvest grain for a longer course of years, and then leave the field to re- 

 vert to a pasture as long, often, indeed, twice as long. But especially these two 

 modes of farming are distinguished in this, that with us the grass-growth is treated 

 and used as a meadow, whilst in Holstein, it is only a pasture ; then most of the ma- 

 nure brought on the field is taken back again in the grain, whilst we manure the last 

 year, and then leave the field to lie. 



The Mecklenburg kind of Koppel-wirthschaft unites fallows with pasture husband- 

 ry. Their principal object is the cultivation of grain, and not the raising of cattle ; 

 therefore they seek by fallows to destroy the weeds, and to bring the manure into 

 greater activity, that it may benefit the grain-fruits. But therefore their pastures are 

 poorer and less valuable, and they leave not their land to lie so long as pasture. 



EXAMPLES OF THE HOLSTEIN KOPPEL-WIRTHSCHAFT. 



I. ]. Oats unmanured. 2. Winter-rye manured. 3. Barley. 4. Rye. 5. Oats. 

 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, Pasture. 



II. 1. Buckwheat. 2. Winter-rye, manured. 3. Oats. 4, Oats. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 

 10, and 11, Pasture. 



Examples of the Mecklenburgh Koppel-wirthschaft: 



I. 1. Fallow, manured. 2. Winter-rye. 3. Barley. 4. Oats. 5, 6 and 7, Pas- 

 ture. 



II. 1. Fallow, manured. 2. Wheat. 3. Barley. 4. Rye. 5. Oats. 6, 7, 8, and 

 9, Pasture. 



29. In the system of the Rotation of Crops (Frucht-wechsel-wirthschaft), 

 the grain-fruit and the plants for trade only interchange together if suffi- 

 cient meadows and pasture exist ; or the plants for fodder must be culti- 

 vated in common with these if there are hardly any natural fields for fodder 

 or not in sufficient measure. 



30. The plants which one adopts in a rotation of crops must correspond 

 to the nature of the climate and of the soil and to the circumstances of the 

 farm, and be so arranged one after another according to the degree of 

 manure in which the field is, that the culture of the preceding fruit may , 

 leave the soil in such a state, that the cultivation of the after-fruit may 

 require no extraordinary labor and care upon it. 



EXAMPLES OF THE ROTATION OP CROPS WITHOUT PLANTS FOR FODDER. 



In a cold climate, and heavy soil. 



I. 1. Beans, manured, hoed. 2. Wheat. 3. Barley. 



II. 1. Beans, manured, hoed. 2. Wheat 3. Peas. 4. Barley. 



In both these cases there are first, hoed-fruits j to this follows wheat, with which the 



