46 IMPROVED FISHERY HARBOUR ACCOMMODATION 



case the entrance to the inner basin is situated within the 

 sheltered area formed by the outer works." 



Tidal harbours are such as can only be entered and 

 departed from by aid of the tide, and are either natural, being 

 formed in the mouths of rivers, or artificial enclosures by 

 one or more piers. Tidal river harbours have in many 

 instances been vastly improved by judicious engineering, 

 but in others have formed very difficult problems for the 

 solution of the engineer. 



3rd. " Ranted or curved piers (Fig I, c y facing p. 80). 

 Where there is a single pier of this kind, vessels lie under 

 the lee of the kant or kants, and the sheltered side of the 

 pier is therefore finished as a quay. The pier may have a 

 double kant, or cross-head, built at right angles to the main 

 portion, so as to give the structure the form of the letter 

 T ; at one side or the other of which, accordingto the direc- 

 tion of the wind, vessels can always find shelter." These 

 and the two following kinds of works about to be noticed 

 are for the most part erected in localities where more or 

 less natural or artificial shelter already exists, as it is 

 manifest that on an entirely exposed coast the positions 

 would be untenable by any vessel in gales of wind. 



Regular traffic with merchandise cannot of course be 

 carried on from these works in the open sea, but during 

 summer much passenger excursion traffic may be done in 

 fine weather ; but the proprietors of such piers obtain much 

 of their returns from promenaders, where the piers have 

 been erected at well-frequented watering-places. "We 

 propose to term the seaward extremity of any single pier 

 its free end> as there is an expanse of open sea all round it, 

 in contradistinction to the seaward end of a close harbour, 

 where the sea-room is limited to the breadth of the entrance, 

 which is always kept as narrow as is consistent with the 



