230 THE RELATIONS OF THE STATE WITH 



There are five kinds of fisheries : * 



1. Trawling. 



2. Drifting. 



3. Seaning. 



4. Lining, and 



5. The use of fixed engines. 



The fish caught may, apart from any natural history 

 classification, fall beneath four divisions for commercial 

 purposes. 



1. Round fish, such as herrings and mackerel, found 

 near the surface. 



2. Flat fish, which live at the bottom of the sea, like 

 soles and turbot. 



3. Round fish found at all depths, such as cod and ling. 



4. Shell-fish and Crustacea, including, inter alia, mussels, 

 cockles, crabs, lobsters, oysters, and shrimps. 



In Trawling, the net is purse-shaped ; the upper lip 

 (except in the case of the pole-trawl) is extended from 

 right to left by a beam of from 10 to 50 feet ; this is 

 raised about 3 feet from the ground by stirrup-shaped 

 irons at either end, the bases of which rest upon the 

 bottom : the lower lip of the net, edged by a heavy padded 

 rope (rotten, in order to give if a rocky obstacle is encoun- 

 tered), drags slowly in a curve along the ground, and fish 

 of the second class are thus scooped up. They pass into 

 the " cod " where the net continues narrowest for the last 

 few feet of its furthest end, and whence the forward motion 

 of the trawl prevents their return. The length of the 

 whole net varies up to 70 feet according to the breadth of 

 the beam, and it is hauled slowly by ropes and " bridles " 

 connecting the stirrups, or rounded triangle-shaped " trawl 

 heads," with the fishing vessel. 



* See, for this classification, Report, 1879, for Parliament. 



