274 Hawaiian Islands. 



here. The king was entitled to one-half of the take of these fishes. Then there were the 

 rights of the landlord of the soil and of the sea as far out as the reefs. On his private or 

 prohibited fishing-grounds he could reserve one species as his peculiar property. Provision 

 was made against the fish of the king and the landlord becoming intermingled; in which 

 case the former received two-thirds as his share, but this only in certain localities. No fish 

 might be taken during the tabu. When it was announced by proclamation that this season 

 was over, the people might take "protected" fish on their delivering one- half to the 

 appointed agents of the king. He had vast viviers which had descended to him, or which he 

 had himself constructed. Most of the islands are surrounded by a reef. Outside the reef 

 there was free fishing for the natives. Within the reef, the littoral and riparian landowner 

 had rights extending to the reef, or in places where no reef existed, his property in the waters 

 went out one mile from the beach. Generally the proprietor named one species for hig own, 

 and let his tenants and others take what they could of the rest. The tabu acted at proper 

 seasons for the preservation of the fish quite as effectually as the restrictions of our close 

 months do on the fisheries of our own country. The landlord having chosen for the entire 

 year the species or variety of fish he set apart for himself, has to give notice by viva voce 

 proclamation to the tenants and other persons residing on his lands, and to signify the same 

 to the Minister of Interior in writing. Also a list of all the fish appropriated by the landlords 

 is to be inserted once in English and Hawaiian, in the Polynesian newspaper. When the 

 article relating to the royal fishing rights is invaded, the offender is, on conviction, to forfeit 

 all fish found in his possession ; and, in addition, to pay five-fold for all fish taken, or to be 

 put in confinement at the discretion of the court. As to trade, previous to the last half 

 century the Hawaiians had nothing that might claim the name of commerce. They sold or 

 bartered pigs and fowls, fish and vegetables to the vessels which, few and far between, refreshed 

 themselves on their shores. A transient trade had, indeed, existed with the Chinese in 

 sandal wood, insomuch as that Hawaii was known in China as the Sandal-wood islands. But 

 this source of profit came to an end by the reckless cutting down of the trees. Later on, salt 

 was made on their shores, and in 1870, 2513 tons were exported, but in 1881 the quantity had 

 diminished to some 500 tons. About fifty years ago a new and profitable but demoralising 

 industry sprang up, namely, the landing and transhipping of oil in the group. The whaling 

 vessels of the Pacific and the tranships called there, and more than three hundred visits have 

 been received in a single year. These had to be supplied, and money and money's worth 

 became abundant. The first whale ship belonging to Hawaii was fitted out in the year 1834. 

 A record of the oil and bone landed and unshipped shows in the year 1851, the following 

 quantities, viz.: Sperm oil, 104,362 gallons; whale oil, 909,379 gallons; whalebone, 

 901,604 Ibs. The trade culminated in the year 1858, when there were of sperm oil, 222,464 

 gallons ; whale oil, 2,551,382 gallons ; bone, 1,614,710 Ibs. The trade then declined, so that in 

 the year 1874 it records only, sperm oil, 37,812 gallons ; whale oil, 312,305 gallons : bone, 

 104,715 Ibs. The whales in the nearer ocean had, in fact, been over-fished, and had changed 

 their habitat to more distant grounds. This was the result of the same improvidence which 

 had ruined the sandal-wood trade, and is in other places destroying india-rubber and other 

 natural productions. A few whalers still put in occasionally at Honolulu, and in 1880 are 

 reckoned, among domestic exports, 14,6ti2 gallons of oil, and 10,917 Ibs. of bone. The rise in 

 agricultural industry, however, more than compensates for the harvest of the sea. The 

 export or sugar from the islands in 1882 was 51,000 tons, and 221,000 gallons of molasses ; 

 5iUO tons of rice and paddy, and other productions in smaller quantities were also exported. 



COLLECTIVE LIST OF FISHES AND CRUSTACEA EXHIBITED BY 

 THE HAWAIIAN GOVERNMENT. 



DIVISIONS L. & LI. 



[The names given are Hawaiian. The Crustaceans are distinguished by a */} 



(1) Akule. (2) Panuhunuhu. (3) Aawa. (4) Pa Kalakala. (5) Kumu. (6) Ahaaha 

 (7) IJ.auini. (8) Ula. (9) Amaama. (10) Anae. (11) Palani. (12) Aloa*. (13 

 YholeJiole. (14) Moi. (15) Papai Kuhonu*. (16) Oopu Okuhe. (17) Oio. (18) Pakii 



