330 Portugal, 



and other species; on the coast, sardines, fa nece, soles, and smaller fish. In the river, sturgeon, 

 shad (savel), savella (small shad), lampreys and plaice are caught. 



The apparatus for deep-water fishing consists of nets called saramonas, robaleiras (for catching 

 sturgeon), vargas-chinchas and chinchorros : the three last being employed in river fishing in addi- 

 tion to the nets named lampreeiras and feiticeiras. There are eight hundred vessels employed 

 in this district, 8 following deep-sea fishing from Valbom, 3 from Fureda, 1 from Avintes, 1 from 

 Campanha ; there are also 9 boats from Foz, 30 others from Matorinhos, 2-1 from Le$o de Palmeira, 

 16 from Loire, 36 from Villa de Conde, 470 from Fovoa de Varzim. In coast and river fishing 

 200 vessels are employed, viz. 180 from Valbom and 20 from Foz. The number of the crews 

 amounts to about 3,800 or 4,000 souls. These men do not ply their calling in Spanish waters. 

 Deep-sea fishing is carried on all through the year, that for sturgeon in winter ; sardines, 

 fanece, soles, and smaller fish are caught on the coast in summer time, laiupreys are taken 

 in January and February, shad in February and March, savelha from May to July, and plaice 

 at all times. 



Delegation of Povoa de Varzim. At this place fishermen use for all kinds of fish, with 

 the exception of sardines, fishing lines and hooks called espineis or espinheis. Deep-sea fishing, 

 that is, fishing for congers and safio (a species of conger), is carried on by line, and that on the 

 coast for f anew with a line carrying six hooks. The nets used are those named meios, for all such 

 fish as whiting, &c., and rascas for turbot, skate, and soles ; the net called Pesceda for roach and 

 similar kinds ; lastly, a special net for sardines There are in this Delegation 470 vessels, viz., 94 

 pinnaces (lanchas), 42 boats (bateis), and 344 catraias, which are employed at fishing in one way 

 or another, according to the fish required and the season of the year. The pinnaces are employed 

 nearly all the year in catching whiting ; their complement is 20 men, but in the winter those 

 employed in catching sardines either divide their crew amongst these or the smaller boats 

 (bateis). The lanchas have a crew of from 12 to 17 men, and the bdteis about 8 or 9. These 

 latter are employed in catching sardines, and with the nets called Rascas in catching turbot, 

 skate, and soles. The Catraias are only used when the weather is quite calm, and fish with the 

 hooks called espineis. Their crew numbers 8 or 10, and have lines and the nets called Meios 

 worked by 4 or 5 men. Besides this, the same people are employed in catching sardines. 

 The approximate number of men engaged in the fishery industry of this delegation is 

 about 2,630. 



4. Aveiro. This district comprises the townships of Aveiro, Feira, Ovar, Angeja, Llhoos, 

 Vegas, Mira, and Verga. There is no deep-sea fishing here. On the coast the industry is 

 plied, and on the rivers and their confluents, all kinds of shell-fish being taken. The methods 

 of capture are drag-nets on the coast, on the rivers drag-nets also, but of smaller dimensions. 

 Besides this the shell-fish are taken with a sort of iron rake called ancinlia. There are about 

 forty vessels employed in the trade with twenty or twenty-five men. The crew of the vessels 

 employed in the rivers and confluents varies according to the nets used from two to eight men, 

 the same number mann the boats which are engaged in catching shell-fish. Fishing in this 

 district is carried on all the year round. The fish taken are shad, sabogas, tainhas, sturgeon, 

 negraes, lampreys, seals, &c. 



5. Figuiera. This district comprises the townships of Figueira and Lavas. The principal 

 branch of industry in this district is the sardine fishery. On the sea whiting and other large 

 fish are caught. The mode of capturing sardines is with shore drag-nets, and other nets 

 (amalhar) are used on the sea, special nets too are employed on the rivers. 



The whiting fishery is carried on solely by vessc j ls with trawl nets, which remain in the 

 sea for a day or more. The nets are provided with proper buoys and marks. Conger fishing 

 is carried on with hooks and lines, and other appliances suitable for catching a variety of fish 

 are also made use of. In the rivers, fishing is exercised by means of drag-nets (tresmalhos and 

 atalhos), besides which are employed the botiraes already alluded to. The fish gathered in are 

 lampreys, shad, sturgeon, &c. Flat-bottomed boats for sardine fishing are used, with drag-nets, 

 the boats being manned by thirty men. Flat-bottom boats too are used for river fishing, and 

 keeled vessels manned by twenty men for whiting. The number of individuals employed 

 cannot be determined, but may be stated as some thousands. The season for fishing is the 

 whole year, with the exception of sardine drag-net fishing, which lasts from May to the end of 

 January, and the other sardine fishery from October to the end of February. 



