228 



margins are free and covered with soft round papillae. These 

 are missing in the centre of the lip, which forms an oval fleshy 

 cushion. Postlabial groove continued forward and laterally to near 

 rostral barbel, which may be absent. Jaws covered with a horny 

 sharp edge, bordering the slightly crescent-shaped transverse 

 opening of mouth. Dorsal with 7 or 9 branched rays, the simple 

 rays may be partly ossified. Dorsal originating somewhat in 

 advance of origin of ventrals. Anal short, with 5 branched rays. 



Fig. 92. Discognathus borneensis Vaill. (After VAILLANT). 



Caudal emarginate. Pectorals and ventrals horizontal. Scales large 

 or of moderate size. Lateral line straight, running in the middle 

 of the tail. Branchial openings rather narrow. Gillmembranes 

 broadly united to isthmus. Pharyngeal teeth 5.4.2 2.4.5. 



Distribution: Rivers, especially mountain rivers, of North- 

 East Africa, Southern Asia, Ceylon and Borneo. 



i. Discognathus borneensis Vaill. 



Discognathus borneensis Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902, p. 91. 

 Garra borneensis Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia (2) LVII. 1905, p. 482. 



D. 2.8; A. 2.5; V. 1.8; L. 1. 28 ; L.tr.f. 



5 



Height more than 5, 6.4 in length with caudal. Head 4.2, 

 5.3 in length with caudal. Eye more than 5, more than thrice 

 in snout and about twice in interorbital space. Snout obtuse, 

 prominent, with a horizontal furrow and with numerous horny 

 small papillae, 3 or 4 of which are more conspicuous. Four 

 barbels. Origin of dorsal before middle of length. Height of 



