INSPECTION OF COLONIES. 25 
For the inspection of colonies and of subcultures in tubes the best hand-lens 
known to the writer is the Zeiss aplanat magnifying six times (fig. 25). ‘That magni- 
fying 10 times is also very useful, but will not reach to the center of an ordinary test 
tube. Those in apple-tree wood cases are in some respects more convenient than 
those provided with metallic swing covers (fig. 26). 
The best general work to consult on the morphology of the bacteria is 
undoubtedly Migula’s System (see Bibliog., ITI). 
PHYSIOLOGY. 
In the description of bacteria we are compelled to make large use of physiolog- 
ical peculiarities, owing to their very simple and monotonous morphology. Within 
the limits of the genera now recognized the form differences are so very slight 
7 
+ 
et 
eye 
© 
Fig. 23.* 
that many bacteria, e. g., Bacillus coli, B. cloace, B. sutpestifer, B. typhosus, 
B. amylovorus, etc., are indistinguishable under the microscope. In mixed cultures, 
or stained preparations, no one could distinguish one from the other with any cer- 
tainty, and in pure cultures of unknown origin certain identification by means of 
the microscope would be equally impossible. Nevertheless, these same forms are so 
widely different in their behavior in culture media, in their pathogenic properties, in 
their relation to heat, air, antiseptics, etc., that we are certainly warranted in regard- 
ing them as distinct species, using the word “species” in its common acceptation. 
These well-ascertained facts should not, however, lead one to neglect slight differ- 
ences of form, even when they can be expressed only in fractions of a micron. On 
*Fic. 23.—Zeiss compensating ocular No. 12 with screw-filar micrometer, 
