/ 
1 
Sp PS re aD 
Fig. 39.+ 
FILTERS. 43 
when the medium has a retarding action, it may not 
occur until after two or three weeks. Of course, the 
rapidity of the clouding depends to a considerable extent 
on the size of the loop and on whether the inoculation 
was from a young or old, a fluid or a solid culture. 
Among other tools, the student should be provided 
with five platinum-iridium wires set into glass handles, 
three of which are bent at the free end into loops of a 
definite size, z. ¢., with an inside diameter of 1, 2, and 
3mm. ‘hese are made by bending around wires of the 
given size, and will enable one to measure out approxi- 
mately uniform quantities of fluids and solids. Smaller 
quantities may be transferred on the extreme tip of a 
straight platinum needle. It is also convenient to have 
a platinum” needle bent at the end into a short hook 
(see fig. 39). In comparing rates of growth in fluid 
cultures it is best to inoculate them from other fluid 
cultures of a given age and not from solids. 
If there is any reason to think that boiling changes 
the nature of any of these fluids, they should be steril- 
ized cold by forcing them through a Chamberland or 
Berkefeld filter. The Chamberland has the finer pores, 
the Berkefeld filters quicker. The simplest way of using 
stich a filter is that first described by Dr. Theobald 
Smith, viz, to put the fluid inside and force it out by 
means of clean compressed air. For this purpose select 
a flat-bottomed cylindrical glass vessel (a round-bottomed 
one is less convenient, but may be set into a hole bored 
in a block of wood) of a larger diameter and 5 or 10 
centimeters longer than the bougie, which should be 
clean (previously unused), but washed by having had 
some liters of distilled or filtered water forced through 
it. Wrap the nipple-end of the filtering cylinder firmly 
with clean cotton for a distance of 5 or 10 cm, down. 
Thrust the wrapped bougie into the glass vessel securely, 
so that only the nipple and the cap or shoulder projects. 
The top of the bougie should also be wired so that it 
can not possibly slip down during the filtering. This 
apparatus should now be sterilized by putting it into 
the dry oven for two hours at 145° C. Wrap in clean 
Manila paper and heat at the same time a large cotton 
plug, 2. ¢., one which has been made to fit the mouth 
*Platinum-iridium is preferred to pure platinum because it bends less easily. The wire used by 
the writer has a diameter of 0.48 mm. The alloy as usually found on the market is said to contain 
about 10 per cent of iridium, sometimes less, but never more. The wire shown in fig. 39 was made 
to order and contains 20 per cent iridium. 
+Fic. 39.—Platinum-iridium wires set into glass rods, for bacteriological work. 1, needle; 
2, hook; 3, one-millimeter loop; 4, two-millimeter loop; 5, three-millimeter loop. The size of this 
wire is about one fifty-fifth inch. 
