THERMAL RELATIONS. 81 
the germicidal action of the metal might arise. In no case should the cultures be 
incubated in the tin tubes. When exposures are made in test-tubes of resistant 
Jena glass, the cultures must be lowered into the liquid air gradually, the fluid being 
frozen from the bottom upward to avoid cracking the tubes. It requires about four 
minutes to properly freeze a culture in a glass test-tube. Large volumes of culture 
media should not be lowered into the liquid air, as it is wasteful, the air boiling away 
rapidly. The writer began his experiments with block-tin tubes, as shown in fig. 
67, but now uses tubes of Jena glass. The latter crack occasionally in spite of care. 
Fig. 67.* 
For very rapid freezing the amount of fluid in the tube may be reduced to 1 ce. 
Liquid air in Dewar glasses, and compressed oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide (?) 
in steel cylinders may be had from the Eagle Oxygen Company, Incorporated, 121 
West Eighty-ninth Street, New York City. The tanks of compressed gases may be 
bought or rented. The following sizes may be had: Fifty gallons (280 pounds 
pressure per square inch); 100 gallons (240 pounds pressure); 150 gallons (225 
pounds pressure) ; and 200 gallons (280 pounds pressure). Cylinders may also be 
had with the gas under much greater pressure. The cost of the oxygen is 2% cents 
*Fic. 67.—Dewar glass for liquid air, and block-tin test-tubes used in first low temperature ex- 
periments with bacteria. About one-sixth actual size. 
