THE LAPLAND ALPS. 313 



milk does not come with facility, they beat 

 the udder very hard with their hands; 

 which causes a greater flow. The dugs 

 are four, very rarely six, all yielding milk, 

 and none of them dry. The young are 

 not separated from their mothers. After 

 the herd was milked and gone to pasture, 

 I observed the maid-servant taking up some 

 of the soft black dung, which, after knead- 

 ing it with her hands, she put into a vessel. 

 On my inquiring what could be the use of 

 this, she answered that the dugs were be- 

 smeared with it, to prevent the fawn's suck- 

 ing too much. She added that it would 

 dry upon the nipple by the morning after 

 it was applied, and might then be easily 

 rubbed off. The female reindeer bring forth 

 their young early in May, and their owners 

 begin milking them on Midsummer day, 

 and continue to do so till the beginning of 

 November in the forests, but in this 

 neighbourhood they leave off milking about 

 Michaelmas. The fawns acquire horns the 

 first year, which are perfectly simple, like 



