280 APPENDIX. 



those of Efnpetrwn nigrum ; but these 

 are twice as large as what grow in the 

 woodlands, and better flavoured. The 

 upper boundary of this zone is 800 feet 

 below the line of perpetual snow. The 

 Laplanders scarcely ever fix their tents 

 higher up, as the pasture for their reindeer 

 ceases a very little way above this point. 

 The mean temperature is about -j- 1'^ of 

 Celsius (34 of Fahrenheit). 



6. Next come the snowy alps, where 

 are patches of snow that never melt. 

 The bare places between still produce a 

 few dark shrubby plants, such as EmpC" 

 trum nigrum, but destitute of berries, An^ 

 dromeda tetragona and hypnoides, as well 

 as Diapensia lapponica. Green precipices 

 exposed to the sun are decorated with the 

 vivid azure tints of Gentiana tenella and 

 nivalis^ and Campantda unijiora, accom- 

 panied by the yellow Draba alpina. Colder 

 and marshy situations, where there is no 

 reflected heat, produce Fedicularis hirsuta 

 and flammea, with Dri/as ociopetala. This 



