CHOUGH AND JACKDAW. 13 



scene again changes. The swifts, the last to 

 come, are the earliest to depart. The swallows 

 once more make their appearance at ' the old 

 hospital/ and continue to haunt the neighbour- 

 hood until, with the early frosts of October, they 

 wing their way to the warmer regions of the 

 southern hemisphere. 



But the most remarkable example of this hos- 

 tile tendency in animals of similar habits that has 

 ever come under my own notice is that afforded 

 by the chough and the jackdaw. I have else- 

 where stated * that all my attempts to discover the 

 former species on the maritime coast of East 

 Sussex where it was once plentiful were un- 

 successful, nor could I ascertain to my satisfac- 

 tion that a single specimen had been killed or 

 seen for many years between Brighton and 

 Beachy Head. Subsequent observation and in- 

 quiry have satisfied me that it has been banished 

 by the jackdaw, whose numbers have palpably in- 

 creased of late, and I believe that the same process 

 is taking place on the cliffs of Dover, and on many 

 parts of the southern coast of England. Some 

 years ago, I found great numbers of choughs on 

 the precipices of Caldy Island, off the coast of 

 Pembrokeshire, and procured several specimens ; 

 but observed no jackdaws, although I saw two or 

 * ( Ornithological Rambles in Sussex.' 



