72 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 



snow-leopard (Felis irbis). The grouse, partridges, steppe part- 

 ridges, and bustards constitute important elements in the bird- 

 fauna, which exhibits the general features of the north temperate 

 region. 



4. The Manchurian Sub-Region embraces Manchuria, Northern 

 China (with a westerly extension along the northern face of the 

 Himalayas), and the Japanese islands. The fauna, especially in 

 the more southern districts, exhibits characters drawn from both 

 the Tropical and Temperate zones. A distinguishing feature of 

 this sub-region is the presence of monke3 r s, which are represented 

 by the genera Macacus and Semnopithecus, the former penetrating 

 even into Japan. The Cervidae, whose range extends into Japan 

 (where the antelope is also met with), are represented by both 

 horned (Elaphodus) and hornless species (Hydropotes, Lophotra- 

 gus), and by the diminutive musk-deer (Moschus moschiferus), 

 which inhabits the mountain-valleys from the Amur to the Hima- 

 layas. The edentates have their most northerly representative in 

 the scaly Manis (Japan). Among the more distinctive carnivore 

 forms are the genera Lutronectes, Ailuropus, and Nyctereutes. 

 The facies of the Japanese bird-fauna is distinctly European, but 

 in China, which is properly the home of the pheasants, there is a 

 considerable intermixture of tropical (Oriental, &c.) forms, such as 

 the babbling-thrushes, caterpillar-eaters, honey-suckers, and weaver- 

 finches. 



5. The Alleghanian Sub-Region may be approximately defined as 

 comprising that portion of the Holarctic realm in the Western 

 Hemisphere which lies south of the Arctic tract and east of the 

 one hundredth meridian of west longitude (Greenwich). Its faunal 

 features are those of the North American or Nearctic division gen- 

 erally, although among the Mammalia a deficiency is brought about 

 by the absence of some of the pouched-rats or gophers, the big- 

 horn (Ovis montana), the Rocky Mountain goat (Aplocerus lani- 

 ger), and the musk-ox, which, with the exception of the last, belong 

 to, or are most abundant in, the central or Rocky Mountain sub- 

 region. The majority of the Arctic Carnivora penetrate to within, 

 or far beyond, the northern boundary-line, and the same is true, 

 to a certain extent, of the moose and caribou (reindeer). The 

 more strictly southern forms are the opossum, raccoon, and pec- 

 cary, the last, however, not penetrating farther north than the 



