1843] HABITS AND MANNERS. 77 



it necessary to keep them within command, a disposition 

 sufficiently obvious in a penal settlement. The upper 

 classes are readily distinguished by their deportment, the 

 superior texture of their dress, their attention to the hair, 

 as well as by a more intellectual expression of counte- 

 nance, with a very urbane and polished manner. Occa- 

 sionally one can detect amongst the lower castes the elon- 

 gated and peculiar eye of the Chinese, leading to the 

 probability of some admixture of that race rather than 

 one of Korean or Tartar origin. The same observations 

 apply equally to the people of Ty-pin-san, although on 

 that island we found a much larger population for its 

 extent of cultivation, and a greater number of Mandarins; 

 there were also traces of warlike habits, such as the pos- 

 session of a battery, and less restriction upon the inter- 

 change of goods. 



The people of these Islands are not only independent 

 of each other, but either pretend to be, in great measure, 

 ignorant of the other's affairs ; and it was not without 

 some pressing that I persuaded the chief of Pa-tchung- 

 san to communicate to the authorities of Ty-pin-san the 

 nature of my visit, and our peaceable observance of their 

 habits and customs. As far as we had opportunities of 

 noticing (and we lived in contact, although not amongst 

 them, for six weeks), their moral excellence was conspi- 

 cuous, and formed an agreeable contrast with the piratical 

 disposition of the Malays ; crime seemed indeed to be a 

 thing of rare occurrence among them. They might have 

 been frequently tempted to rob us of articles valuable to 

 them, though of insignificant value to us ; but whenever 

 such happened to be thrown away, or left behind by us, 



