INTRODUCTION. 



When two branches or stems of closely related plants, 

 growing side by side in a forest, overlap and touch each 

 other, the bark becomes bruised and abraded. In such cases 

 it has been frequently observed that the sap exuding from 

 the alburnum produces pads (callus) by which incorporation 

 or knitting of the tissues takes place and the parts become 

 one. Thus the usual method of grafting may have origi- 

 nated. 



Grafting above ground and budding as applied to vines is 

 not a new invention ; it was a common practice with the 

 Romans, while grafting underground was the exception. 



This method is considered by many to be a discovery of 

 the end of the nineteenth century, yet it was described by 

 Palladius,* Columella,t Varro,J and Cato, the only Latin 



* Hutili.ua Taurus Emilianus Palladius, who lived sometime between 140 

 and 380 A.D. loc. cit. (De Institutiomt>us Lib. XIV.) : 

 " Primus Echionii palmes se jungere Bacchi 



Novit et externo tenditur uva mero. 

 Nexilibus gemmis foecundos implicat artus 



Vitis et amplexum pascit adulta genus 

 Degenerisque comae vestigia mitis inumbrat 



Pampinus et pingui curvat onusta deo." 



t Lucius Juni us Muderatus Columella, (2 B.C. 65 A D. ) loc. cit. ( De Arbori- 

 fus Lib. XXVI.) : "Ex qua arbore inserere voles, in ea quoerito novellos 

 et nitidos ramos. In his deinde observato gemmam quce bene apparebit 

 certamque spem germinis habebit ; earn duobis digitis quadratis circum- 

 signato ut in medio gemma sit et ita acuto scalpello circumcidito, delibra- 

 toque diligenter ne gemmam kedas. Deinde in qua arbore inserere voles, in 

 ea nitidissimum ramum diligito et ejusdem spatio corticem circumdito et 

 materiam delibrato et in earn partem quam nudaveras gemmam hanc quam 

 ex altera arbore sumpseras aptato ita ut emplastrum circumcisce parti con- 

 veniat. Ubi hsec feceris, circa gemmam bene vincito ita ne laedas ; deinde 

 commissuras et vincula luto oblinito, spatio relicto quo gemma libere ger- 

 minet. Post unum et vigesinium diem, solvito emplastrum " 



J Marcus Terentius Varro, born at Fan in 118 B.C. loc. cit. (De Agri- 

 cultura Lib. XL' I. ) : " Itaque vitem, triduo antequam inserunt, desecantut 

 qui in ea nimius est humor diffluat antequam inseratur. Aut in qua in- 

 serunt, in ea, paulo infra quam insitum est, incidunt unde humor adven- 

 ticius affluere possit." 



Marcus Portias Cato, born at Tusculum 234 B.C. loc. cit. (De re 

 rustica Lib. XLII.) : " Quod genus aut ficum, aut oleum esse voles, inde 

 librum scalpro eximito, alterum librum cum gemma de eo fico quod genus 

 esse voles, eximito ; apponito in eum locum unde exsecaveris in alterum 

 genus, facitoque uti conveniat. Librum longum facito digitos III. S. latum 

 digitos tres. Ad cundem nodum ob linito, integito uti ccetera " 



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