146 INTERMEDIATE CUTTINGS 



moved possess sprouting ability. Trees taken out in cleanings 

 belong to all four crown classes but principally to the domi- 



FIG. 53- 



The same stand as in Fig. 51. The diagram shows the relative position of the 

 pine and hardwoods 40 years later than the time of Fig. 51, provided no cleaning 

 is made. Note that only one pine, namely the one which had a start over the 

 hardwoods is now in a dominant position. The yield of this stand is principally 

 cordwood instead of pine lumber, which could have been the chief product if a 

 cleaning had been made. The pines are indicated by cross-hatching. 



nant and co-dominant classes. Their removal creates small 

 gaps in the upper canopy. Any openings of this character 

 are quickly filled by the better trees coming up from beneath 

 or expanding their crowns. 



Specifically the material removed in cleanings consists of: 



Trees of undesirable species. 



Sprouts of a desirable species if seedlings of the same 

 species can thereby be freed. 



Advance growth of a desirable species if inferior in form 

 to another individual of the same species which might 

 thereby be freed. Scattered trees a few years older than 

 the remainder of the stand because of their comparative 

 freedom from side crowding have rather branchy 

 crowns and will not develop into high grade trees. 



