22 FOREST SYSTEMS 



COPPICE WITH STANDARDS. 



Under this system a combination of simple coppice and 

 of high forest is produced. There is an overwood of 

 " standards " or " stores," which are grown for mature 

 timber, and an underwood which is produced by the 

 periodic coppicing of a portion of the trees. 



The standards are not all of the same age, for a certain 

 number are planted and others grow from seed at each time 

 that the stools are coppiced ; hence the standards are 

 distributed in age classes varying from each other by the 

 number of years that elapse between each cutting of the 

 underwood. 



The number of trees of each age class should vary 

 according to their age ; being more numerous the younger 

 the age class. Trees belonging to different age classes 

 should be evenly distributed over the whole area ; there will 

 therefore never be a clear felling of the standards over any 

 large area. 



Where this system is adopted, only thinly foliaged trees 

 can be grown as standards; for instance, Oak, Ash, Larch, 

 Black Poplars, Black Walnut, and Acacia. 



For the underwood, the most suitable trees to grow are 

 Spanish Chestnut, Ash, Hazel, Hornbeam, Sycamore, 

 Norway Maple, and Alder. 



HIGH FOREST SYSTEMS. 

 These embrace : 



(1) The Selection System. 



(2) The Group System. 



(3) The Compartment System. 



And again, the compartment system may be further sub- 

 divided ; thus, there may be compartments of: 



(a) Even-Aged High Forest. 



(b) Two-Storied High Forest. 



(c) High Forest with Coppice. 

 (d} High Forest with Standards. 



