208 TREATMENT OF COPPICE SYSTEMS 



so suitable, as it is rather more branchy and spreading in its 

 habit, especially when young. The Picardy Poplar (probably 

 a variety of P. canescens) is also admirably suited as a 

 standard over coppice. 



Other trees which are admirably suited for standards over 

 coppice are the Black Walnut, Tulip Tree, White Ash 

 (F. Americana] and the Oregon Ash. These latter trees 

 suffer much from early and late frosts, and there is no 

 method so suitable for insuring success with tender species as 

 to plant them over a coppice area. 



There is every probability that these trees, especially the 

 Black Walnut and the Oregon Ash, would prove very 

 remunerative; though it is impossible as yet to anticipate 

 with what favour or otherwise their appearance upon the 

 market would be regarded by timber merchants. 



The Tulip tree requires a stiffish soil, and grows rather 

 faster than the Oak. The other three trees grow very rapidly, 

 if not affected by adverse circumstances ; the Black Walnut 

 has, however, much difficulty in ripening its wood when 

 young, and is therefore very liable to be cut back by 

 autumn frosts. The White Ash will probably succeed better 

 than any other Ash on light soils lacking in moisture. 



The expenses of management of an area under coppice 

 with standards are greater than those of an area under 

 ordinary high forest. 



These expenses must vary a great deal ; but on a normally 

 stocked area that is, where all stages of the overwood and 

 underwood are equally represented from youth up to 

 maturity the minimum net expenses will average about 

 6s. 3d. 1 per acre per annum, or say 43. per acre per annum, 

 over and above a sum of 2s. 3d. represented by the annual 

 value of the sporting, 2 provided the areas are large. 



This sum of 6s. 3d. includes, however, the average cost of 

 replanting a certain number of trees every time the under- 



1 This does not include the cost of felling the standards, or of haulage. 



2 In many cases this will be too low a figure for the sporting ; but 

 with large compact areas the sporting will be worth a much smaller sum 

 per acre, than where the woods consist of small scattered coverts. 



