ALDER 337 



It has been used successfully to bind together spoil heaps, 

 consisting of the waste from stone quarries. 



Planted at considerable distances apart, the ground soon 

 gets completely covered ; and the barren spoil heap, formerly 

 an eyesore, presents a pleasing spectacle. 



It is also most useful for forming fire belts of coppice on 

 dry barren sands, where most other hardwoods would fail. 



Of Insects. A saw-fly, Crcesus septentrionalis, often does 

 considerable damage by defoliating the trees. 



