406 SYLVICULTURAL NOTES ON TIMBER TREES 



perda, attacks Scots Pine in particular, though, occasionally, 

 other Pines and Spruce. 



Trees of any age may be attacked. Attacks are often 

 worse along the edges of rides or roads, or in woods near 

 timber yards. The eggs are laid along a " mother gallery " 

 under the bark of recently felled timber, or of sickly trees. 



The damage is occasioned by the beetles (not by the 

 larvae), and they are generally beetles of the second generation 

 in any year, which bore into the tops of Pine shoots, just 

 below the buds and feed on the pith, thus hollowing out the 

 shoots, which break over with the first storm of wind. 



The Crutch Pine Beetle ( = Hylesinus palliatus), is chiefly 

 confined to Scotland, where it attacks Scots and other Pines 

 and conifers. 



The Pine Sawfly ^ Lophyrus pint], attacks Scots and 

 Austrian Pines chiefly. The leaves are eaten by the larvae 

 or caterpillars. 



The young caterpillars eat the edges of the leaves, leaving 

 the midrib. But as they get older they eat the whole of the 

 leaves. 



The Fox-coloured Sa.wf\y = (Loflkyrus rufus], also does 

 much damage, in the same manner as the L. pini. 



The Pine Shoot Tortrix or Twig Twister = Retinia 

 (Tortrix) buoliana, chiefly attacks young Scots Pine up to 12 

 years of age, though other Pines are sometimes attacked. 

 The attack is especially prevalent on southern aspects. 



The larvae or caterpillars bore into the buds and there 

 hibernate during the winter. Next spring, as the buds 

 develop, the larvae feed on and hollow out the young twigs, 

 which only partially develop and then fall over and die. 



Of other Pests. Squirrels do much harm by eating off 

 the bark high up in the trees. 



AUSTRIAN PINE. 



This is not a native tree to this country. 

 As to Seed. One pound of seed contains about 25,000 

 seeds, and the germinative capacity is about 65 to 70 per cent, 



