INTRODUCTION. 



The 1()0 photographs of 80 men liercwitli reproduced for the St. Louis Exposition represent 43 proxincia! types I'ound in 

 Rilibid Prison in 1903. The student in America may refer to the exhibit of 1,024 photographs and 128 casts in the Exposition, eon- 

 tribnted at the same time, which are later to be placed in the National or other museums.' 



The great Philippine penitentiary contains about 3,000 men. Reasons might be given to justify the writer's impression that 

 they are in large measure fairly typical, physically, of the populations from which they come. The most of them come from the 

 trilx's officially denominated "Christian." The only non-Christians found in Bilibid are included in the All)um. All the great 

 Christian peoples are represented, and 37 provinces. The individuals here presented have passed through three i)rocesses of 

 selection. First, all the men available from a given province, in some cases over one hundred, were lined up by height, and from 

 twenty to fifty, where possible, these being of all heights, were taken for measurements. Secondly, from the ranks of these chosen 

 men a selection was made by intervals for photographs and for more minute study; the resulting list was thus fairlv represent- 

 ative of the chief physical types; if any were manifestly abnormal they were rejected. Thirdly, from the large number of ])hoto- 

 graplis thus obtained for the exhibit, fifteen or twenty in the case of some provinces, it was aimed to select two of the best lor the 

 Album. As will be seen from the record of measurements printed opposite each photograph, the men selected were gcneially 

 those nearest the average of their province, although this was inijwssible in some cases. 



Some cautions must be noted. It is needless to say to those acquainted with the art that jibotographs ai'e not matlicmat ically 

 exjut. A superior portrait lens was used in a portion of this work, hut distortion was evident in the ein|iloyment of anotiiei' Ims. 

 It Mas practically impossible also to turn out this large amount of work exact to a scale and at the same time in good I'orns. 

 However, there are i)nt few cases in which the variation is greater than one-eighth of an inch upon tlu' groimd glass IVom the 

 inuportion fixed npon. one-half the natural size. The second caution I'clates to the small number of cases ohiainahle I'loni ceitaiii 



' Tt is s\ip<x('>tc(l tn those iKiving access to the exhibit of pliotographs aliove iiicntiipiu'il that li.v their means iiiteiest iiij;' studies may lie eai rieil 

 fuitliei- tliaii tlie authoi- has thus far done. It is believed, for example, that a cointt nt' the (ilJ lull leii<;tli plmtoLjiaph-. will eciriohorate a pieliiu- 

 iiiaiy eoiuit of about two hundicd uicn made wliile measuring them — nine-tenths of whom wcj-e eiicumeised. I'hese w<mc mainly fagalojis, but the 

 same proportion is believed lo hold true of the other Christian peoples. 



