XIV. FOODS AND FEEDING 283 



the reactions for cotton-seed oil, thus giving rise to the suspicion of its 

 being adulterated with margarine. 



Rape-seed cake. This product is little used as food, especially in 

 England, owing to its being not very palatable. It becomes particularly 

 obnoxious to the taste when moistened, owing to the production of 

 mustard oil. Its composition, however, shows it to have a high nutri- 

 tive value. When the oil has been extracted by means of solvents, the 

 cake is largely used as a manure. 



Earth-nut or pea-nut cake. This is a valuable food, largely em- 

 ployed on the Continent, though little used in England or America. 

 It is particularly rich in proteids. 



Palm-nut cake or meal is also employed on the Continent as a food, 

 being appetising, digestible and of good keeping property. It is much 

 valued for dairy cows. 



Sunflower-seed cake. Sunflower seed is a valuable crop in certain 

 parts of Eussia and contains about 20 per cent of oil. When this is 

 extracted by pressure, the residue, containing from 9 to 14 per cent 

 of oil and from 30 to 45 per cent of albuminoids, is sometimes used as 

 a cattle food. 



Corn oil cake or germ oil meal is the residue left after the extraction 

 (by pressure) of the oil from maize germ. This product is largely 

 produced and used as a food in America. It is rich in proteids and fat 

 and very digestible. Attempts have lately been made to introduce this 

 and other maize bye-products into England, particularly for dairy cows. 



Soy-bean cake, the residue left after the extraction of oil from 

 Soy bean, is a valuable, highly nitrogenous food. When the oil is ex- 

 pressed from the beans, the cake usually retains from 6 to 10 per cent 

 of oil, but when the extraction is done by solvent, the resulting " meal " 

 contains only about 2'5 per cent of oil. 



Castor-seed cake contains a poisonous substance, which, however, 

 can be rendered harmless by the action of superheated steam. It is 

 rarely or never used as food in England. 



Almond cake is a valuable food, but is not obtainable in any large 

 quantity. 



Cocoa-nut meal and cake, residues left after the extraction or ex- 

 pression of oil from the flesh of the cocoa-nut, are highly prized as 

 foods, especially for dairy cattle. 



Sesame cake is also a good food, though somewhat liable to become 

 rancid on keeping. 



Bye-products from Starch Manufacture. Starch is obtained 

 from potatoes, maize, rice, or wheat, in almost all cases by crushing the 

 raw material with water, separating the fibrous, horny, or woody parts 

 by means of sieves and recovering the starch granules from the milky- 

 looking liquid by sedimentation. The fibrous portions, generally 

 known as "sludge," are then utilised as cattle food, either in the wet 

 condition, in which state the product is very liable to ferment and 

 putrefy, or after drying. 



Bye-products from the Manufacture of Sugar. In the manu- 

 facture of beet sugar, the slices of root after the extraction of the sugar 



