'*64 SCIENCE OF AGRICULTURE. Part II. 



tages there would be no sheltered yards for cattle, unless walls were built on purpose, which would mate- 

 440 rialiy lessen the saving by combination. 



L_J 



442 2933. 2d Class. Granary. Ventilation, dryness, 



and security from vermin, are essential objects. 

 442 2934.. 3d Class. Fold-yards, cattle-sheds, cattle- 



troughs, hogs'-troughs, hogs'-court, &c. The 

 I openings in front of sheds should be at least 

 I seven feet high. Horses and cows ought to be 

 * kept separate, and the different kinds, strength, 



and ages, by themselves. In many situations the 

 warmth of cattle- yards might be increased by 

 surrounding plantations. The middle of fold- 

 yards should be hollowed out, and the moisture 

 should either be conveyed away to a proper 

 tank, or there may be a tank built immediately 

 under the hollow. " In some cases, a stream of 

 water may be conveyed through the farm-yard j 

 when this is the case, below the place where the cattle drink, it may have conveyed into it the over- 

 flowings and drainings of the yards and offices, after they have been filtered through the earth and peat, 

 and, thus enriched, be conducted to adjoining meadows, and as much ground watered with it as it is 

 capable of flooding." 



2935. 4th Class. Cow-house, feeding-house or shed,foddering-bay, htdl-house, calf-house, hay. room, store 

 or turnip room, turnip-cistern, and place for sick cattle. No cow or feeding house should be built without 

 a passage or foddering-bay at the heads of the cattle ; if that be wanting, it not only takes more time to 

 feed the cattle and clean their troughs, but also their food, when passing behind them, is liable to be soiled 

 by their dung ; this renders it highly disgusting to them, which is the cause of much waste." When the 

 cattle stand in rows across the building, one foddering-bay may serve two rows ; it should have a gate at 

 each end, and if a stream of water is at hand, it may have a sunk cistern for washing the turnips. Stalls 

 for containing two cattle of the largest size should be seven feet wide and twelve feet long. By double 

 foddering-bays and the rows of cattle across the house, more room is got under the same roof, and the 

 cattle are fed with greater facility. 



2936. 5th Class. Stable, stable-court, hay and chaff room, loose box or house, and harness-room. The width 

 of each stall should be from five to six feet ; short partitions between stalls from three feet six inches to 

 four feet ; long partitions eight feet. Boxes for single horses should be eight feet wide and twelve feet 

 long. Recesses may often be made in the walls to contain forks and other stable implements, harness, 

 and to lessen the projection of corn-bins. The height from the floor to the ceiling should in no case be 

 less than eight feet. Lofts over stables are bad places for both hay and corn, from the breath of the 

 animals and the effluvia of the dung. For draught horses a stable open to the roof is best ; for saddle, 

 horses one ceiled over at nine feet, if properly ventilated, is preferable, as they require to be kept warmer. 

 Small openings should be made at the bottoms of the doors, and at the tops of the walls, with shutters, 

 80 as to admit of ventilation when the larger windows cannot be opened. Stables should be exceedingly 

 well paved, because when the urine does not run off, it generates a variety of diseases. 



2937. 6th Glass. The cart-shed or waggon-hovel, plough and harrow place, and wool-room. The height 

 should be at least seven feet, and the granary may frequently be built over. 



2938. 7th Class. Hogsties, hen-roosts, boiling-house, duck-house, goose-house, hogs^ food-house, hogs^ food- 

 tank, pigeon-house, poultry.yard, and turkey-house. The hogsties should be so placed as to be of easy 

 access from the kitchen, and at the same time not to prove offensive to either the house or the stables by 

 their smell. The height may be three or four feet, and the hen-roosts may be placed over them ; the 

 boiler for preparing their food, the food-tank, the duck-house, and the goose-house near them. The 

 pigeon-house may be placed over any building ; but if the water collected from the roofs be used for 

 culinary purposes, pigeons ought not to be kept. 



2939. 8th Class. Brining-room for wheat, and slaughter-house. One building will serve both these 

 purposes, and it should be paved with flat paving-stones. 



2940. 9th Class. Sheep-house. A square of twenty feet on the side will contain thirty sheep ; the 

 walls should be ten feet high ; this gives 13^ feet surface to each sheep. The doors ought to be always 

 open, and there ought to be a fold-yard, so that the sheep may go out and in at pleasure. 



29H. lOth Class. Forge, tool house, workshop, privy, &c. The forge ought to be apart on account of 

 the danger of fire ; the carpenter's workshop ought to have folding doors to admit a cart or waggon. 

 In large farmeries then ought to be a small yard distinct and apart from the fold-yards and rick-yards, 

 for the purpose of the forge, workshop, implements requiring repair, and stock of timber and other 

 materials. In all farmeries there ought to be two privies ; one for the women-servants near the house, 

 and one for the men near the stables : there ought also to be two water-closets, one in the dwelling-house 

 for the mistress and her female children and friends; and the other within the house, or adjoining it, for 

 the master and his friends. 



2942. nth Class. Men's lodge, meal-chest, and potato house. Where single men are kept, they are 

 sometimes lodged in the farmery, and supplied with meal, milk, and potatoes. They should have 

 a large, light, and well ventilated room for cooking and living in, with bedchambers over, and iron 

 bedsteads. The practice of sleeping in lofts over horses is highly injurious to health. 



2943. The materials and construction of agrkullural buildings are next treated of by 

 Waistell, in a manner at once highly scientific and practical. 



2944. Mortar. Bad mortar is the main cause of the decay of all our modern buildings, from the cottage 

 to the palace. Roman cement should be used in foundations, in exterior jointing, and frequently even 

 in plastering in the interior, in different proportions, according to circumstances which it is unnecessary 

 to suggest to the builder. Avoid salt or brackish water and sea sand ; slack the lime while it is yet hot 

 from the kiln, make it into mortar immediately, and use it if possible the same day. This applies to all 

 kinds of lime to be used in building. All lime or mortar to be mixed with Roman cement, ought to be 

 used instantly afterwards ; if not used in five minutes it will set and become useless. Mortar to be used 

 with hair as plaster may be kept some time ; but no advantage is gained from this in point of strength, but 

 the contrary. 



2945. IValls Foundations should vary in thickness according to the compressibility of the ground, the 

 height to which they are to be built, and the weight they may have to support Under wide doors or 

 windows, inverted arches springing from the adjoining piers are found useful, by equalising compression. 

 "Walls should diminish in thickness as they rise. Windows and door frames in external walls should 

 always be placed in reveals, and every window should have a sill. Where anything is to be fixed to 

 walls, a piece of wood in size and shape like a brick or stone should be built in, having the end even with 

 the surface of the wall. In walls built of brick or small stones, templets, or plates of timber, stone, or 

 cast iron, should be laid under the ends of all timber bearings on the walls to spread the load. In topping 

 all walls exposed to the weather, set the last course in Roman cement. 



2946. Timber. Stiff woods, as the oak and fir, are better for floors than stronger and more elastic 

 timbers, like the ash, which bends with less weight than these woods. The strength and stiffhess of a 

 joist depend more on its depth than its breadth ; a fact too little attended to by many country cari)enters. 



