548 SCIENCE OF AGRICULTURE. Part II. 



being required than to divide a circle into six equal parts, which may be done witli the radius ; and draw 

 the hexagon and three radii, one radius to every other angle, to represent a cube (^o^. 531.). All the 

 vertical or plumb line^ in any design are then to be drawn parallel to a bj all those in tlie direction, say 

 north and south, parallel to ac ; and all those at right angles, or perpendicular to the last, or in the direction 

 east and west, parallel toa d : and the several heights, lengths, and breadths, being taken from a scale of 

 equal parts, and set off, and lines drawn in these three directions, the projection is produced. The posi- 

 tion of any point, or the direction of any other line, may be found, by finding where the first would fall 

 upon any plane parallel to either of the three sides of the cube, and where the latter, if produced, would 

 cross any lines in the three directions." {WaisteWs Designs, S^c. p. 91.) The elevation which this mode 

 of drawing produces is highly explanatory and expressive {fig. 531.) 



Sect. II. Operations of Order and Management. 



3366. The business of agriculture, whether in the management of extensive estates or the 

 culture of single farms, requires to be conducted in an orderly and systematic manner. For 

 this purpose a certain establishment of operators, a certain style of books of accounts, and 

 great attention in all commercial transactions, may be considered the fundamental requisites, 



3367. The establishment of co-opei-ators and servants must depend on the extent of the 

 subject of management. An extensive landed estate, which, in addition to farming 

 lands, contains woods, quarries, mills, mines, waters, manorial rights, game, and villages, 

 will require a series of subordinate managers ; but in general a steward as a head 

 manager, a steward's clerk or assistant, and in some cases a local steward, are all the 

 managers requisite ; the subordinate care of quarries, woods, game, &c., being performed 

 by a quarryman, forester, gamekeeper, or by common servants of tried fidelity. 



3368. 2Vie gradation of operators required on farms depends on their size. When- 

 ever the master does not labour himself, a foreman or operator having some charge is 

 requisite ; and in very extensive cases, where there is a considerable extent of grazing 

 ground as well as tillage lands, a head ploughman and a head herdsman will be found 

 advantageous. There should also be a confidential labourer, or headman of all work, to 

 superintend and accompany women and children in their operations, as in hoeing, weed- 

 ing, planting potatoes, &c. The grand point to be aimed at by the steward of an 

 extensive estate, and the occupier of a large farm, is to hit on the proper number of sub- 

 managers ; and to assign each his distinct province, so that the one may never interfere 

 with the other. Having attained this, the next thing is to keep the whole machine in 

 regular action ; to keep every man, from the lowest operator to the highest, strictly to his 

 duty. All operators ought to be adequately remunerated ; and it is better in general to 

 pay a liberal price and require vigilant, skilful, and active exertion, than to cheapen 

 labour, and so encourage indolence and bad execution. For the lower class of labourers, 

 especially such as are hired by the year, it will often be necessary to attend as well to the 

 food they eat, as to their constancy at work. In the case of farm servants, for example, 

 it will generally be found preferable to board and lodge single men, than to substitute a 

 sum of money, which they will in many cases either save or spend otherwise than so as to 

 strengthen their bodies. Where labour is done by the job, all that is requisite is to see 

 that it is done well, and according to agreement ; and this, as we have al-eady observed, 

 is the best mode wherever it can be adopted. 



3369. Orderly conduct in the lower classes of workmen is a point to which we would 

 wLsh particularly to direct the attention of the bailiff' and farmer. Regidarity in their 

 hours ; neatness and cleanness in their dress ; punctuality in cleaning and putting away 

 in the proper places their implements oi labour or hai-ness ; humanity to working and 

 other animals ; decency in general deportment and conversation, and ambition to 

 excel in their particular department. Neatness and order, whether on an estate, a farm, 

 a stable, a dwelling-house, or in a man's dress and manner, form an index to every 

 tiling else. Estates and farms where these qualities prevail, are always well-managed 

 and cultivated ; a neat and clean stable is a sure sign of well-conditioned horses, and of 

 economical feeding ; a dwelling-house, Avith neatness around and within, is an index of 

 comfort and peace ; and a decently dressed and well behaved man or woman is sure to 

 be approved in every station. 



3370. The necessity of order ayid neatfiess we are most anxious to impress on the 

 minds of all descriptions of masters and managers. Order, it has been well observed, is 

 " Heaven's first law." It is, indeed, the end of all law : without it, nothing worth 

 having is to be attained in life, even by the most fertile in resources ; and with it, much 

 m.ay be accomplished with very slender means. A mind incapable of an orderly and 

 regular disposition of its ideas or intentions will display a man confused and disorderly 

 in his actions ; he will begin them without a specific object in view ; continue them at 

 random, or from habit, without knowing well why, till some accident or discordant 

 result puts an end to his present progress, unmans him for life, or awakens reflection. 

 But a well-ordered mind considers, arranges, and systematises ideas before attempting to 

 realise them ; weighs well the end in view ; considers the fitness of the means for attain- 

 ing that end, and the best mode of employing these means. To every man who has the 

 regulation and disposal of a number of servants, this mode of orderly arrangement is 

 essentially necessary in order to reap the full effects of their labours ; and to no man is it 



