Book III. 



^VATER FOR LIVE STOCK. 



by which means the elasticity of the pole in rising lifts the handle and picker, and 

 thereby very considerably diminishes the labour of the workmen. 



4488. }nien the hole has been thus opened by a chisel, as far as its length would 

 permit, the chisel is withdrawn, and a sort of cylindrical auger (c) attached to the 

 '~ handle (a), for the pur- 



692 pose of drawing up the 



dirt or broken stones, 

 which have been disturbed 

 by the chisel. A section 

 of this auger (rf) shows the 

 internal valve. The auger 

 being introduced into the 

 hole, and turned round by 

 the workmen, the dirt or 

 broken stones will pass 

 through the aperture at 

 bottom (shown at e), and 

 fill the cylinder, which is 

 then drawn up, and dis- 

 charged at the top of the 

 auger, the valve prevent- 

 ing its escape at bottom. 



4489. In order to pene~ 

 trate deeper into the ground, 

 an iron rod (f) is now to 

 be attached to the chisel 

 (b), by screwing on to its 

 upper end, and the rod is 

 also fastened to the han- 

 dle (a), by screwing into 

 its socket. The chisel, having thus become lengthened by the addition of the rod, is 

 again introduced into the hole, and the operation of picking or forcing it down is car- 

 ried on by the workmen as before. When the ground has been thus perforated, as far 

 as the chisel and its rod will reach, they must be withdrawn, in order again to introduce 

 the auger (c), to collect and bring up the rubbish, which is done by attaching it to the 

 iron rod, in place of the chisel. Thus, as the hole becomes deepened, other lengths of 

 iron rods are added, by connecting them together (/and g when joined form h). The 

 necessity of frequently withdrawing the rods from tiie hole, in order to collect the mud, 

 stones, or rubbish, and the great friction produced by the rubbing of the tools against 

 its sides, as well as the lengths of rods augmenting in the progress of the operation, 

 sometimes to the extent of several hundred feet, render it extremely inconvenient, if not 

 impossible, to raise them by hand. A tripedal standard is therefore generally constructed, 

 by three scaffolding poles tied together, over the hole (Jig. 691.), from the centre of 

 Hiich a wheel and axle, or a pair of pulley blocks, are suspended, for the piirpose of 

 hauling up the rods, and from which hangs a forked hook (i). This forked hook is to 

 be brought down under the shoulder, near the top of each rod, and made fast to it by 

 passing a pin through two little holes in the claws. The rods are thus drawn up, about 

 seven feet at a time, which is the usual distance between each joint, and at every haul a 

 fork (k) is laid horizontally over the hole, with the shoulders of the lower rod resting 

 between its claws, by which means the rods are prevented from sinking down into the 

 hole again, while the upper length is unscrewed and removed. In attaching and de- 

 taching these lengths of rod, a wrench (/) is employed, by which they are turned round, 

 and the screws forced up to their firm bearing. 



4490. The boring is sometimes performed for the first sixty or a hundred feet, by a 

 chisel of two and a half inches wide, and cleared out by a gouge of two and a quarter 

 diameter, and then the hole is widened by another tool (m). This is merely a chisel, 

 four inches wide, but with a guide () put on at its lower part, for the purpose of keep- 

 ing it in a perpendicular direction ; the lower part is not intended to pick, but to pass 

 down the hole previously made, while the sides of the chisel operate in enlarging the 

 hole to four inches. The process, however, is generally performed at one operation, by 

 a chisel four inches wide (6), and a gouge of three inches and three quarters (c). 



4491. Placing and displacing the lengths of rod is done every time that the auger is 

 required to be introduced or withdrawn ; and it is obvious that this must of itself be ex- 

 tremely troublesome, independently of the labour of boring ; but yet the operation pro- 

 ceeds, when no unpropitious circumstances attend it, with a facility almost incredible. 

 Sometimes, however, rocks intercept the way, which require great labour to penetrate, 

 but this is always effected by picking, which slowly pulverises the stone. The inost 



3 B 



