Book III. 



WATER FOR LIVE STOCK. 



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4498. Mommon has invented a new apparatus for guiding the operation of boring, which 

 seems very ingenious ; but we are not aware that it has yet been adopted in practice. 

 Engravings, accompanied by a copious descrijition, will be found in the Mechanics^ 

 Magazine, vol. iv. ; in which work are also various other articles on the same subject. 



4499. Of the various tnodes of raising water from deep ivells, the pump is the most convenient, and the 

 iver and bucket the most simple. When a constant supply is wanted from a very deep well, machinery 

 "".) may be erected over it, and driven by an old horse or ass. While one bucket is filling, the 



other is emptying. In order to effect the filling of the bucket, the handle (6), which is of iron, is attached 

 by iron swivel rivets, on which it readily turns, below the centre of gravity of the bucket (c). In order 

 that it may empty itself, a horizontal handle (rf) is attached, which, when the filled bucket attains a certain 

 height, is caught by a hook {e) fixed in the trough which conveys away the water raised (/). The horse 

 or ass may be made to work in this machine without the attendance of a man, by the following training: 

 Attach a bell to the lever of draught [h) ; use eye-blinders to prevent the animal from seeing whether 

 or not any one is in attendance, and from becoming giddy by going constantly round. Put the animal in 

 motion, and the bell will not stop ringing till he stops. The moment he stops, and the bell ceases to ring, 

 apply the whip severely. Continue to do this every time the animal stops, till the two hours' labour are 

 completed ; then unyoke and feed. After one or two hours, or whatever period may be deemed necessary 

 for rest and refreshment, yoke again, and proceed as before Go on in this way for two days, and the 

 terror of receiving chastisement when the bell ceases to ring, will have frightened the animal into a habit 

 of working two hours at a time without attendance. This mode is practised successfully in France, 

 Italy, and Spain. {Qmrs, SfC. Art. Puit a Roue.) 



4500. Pumps are of various kinds, as the lifting-pump; the forcing-pump, for very deep wells; the 

 suction pump ; and the rotatory pump, a recent invention for such as do not exceed thirty-three feet in 

 depth, and of which there are several varieties, but by far the best is that by Siebe. A good pump for 

 urine pits or reservoirs, where the water is not to be raised above twenty-eight or thirty feet, is that of 

 Robertson Buchanan, author of A Treatise on Heating by Steam, &c. ; because this pump will raise 

 drainings of dunghills, the contents of cesspools, privies, &c., or even water thickened by mud, sand, or 

 gravel. " The points in which it differs from the common pump, and by which it excels it, are, that it 

 discharges the water below the piston, and has its valves lying near each other. The advantages of this 

 arrangement are : that the sand or other matter which may be in the water is discharged without in- 

 juring the barrel or the piston-leathers ; so that, besides avoiding unnecessary tear and wear, the power of 

 the pump is preserved, and it is not apt to be diminished or destroyed in moments of extraordinary exertion, 

 as is often the case with the common and chain pumps : that the valves are not confined to any particular 

 dimensions, but may be made capable of discharging every thing that can rise in the suction-piece without 

 danger of being choked ; and that if, upon any occasion, there should happen to be an obstruction in the 

 valves, they are both within the reach of a person's hand, and may be cleared at once, without the difjunc 

 tion of any part of the pump. It is a simple and durable pump, and may be made either of metal or wood, at 

 a moderate expense." Where clear water only is to be raised, Aust's (of Hoxton) curvilinear pump is pre- 

 ferable to the common sort. The advantages depend on the curvilinear form of the barrel, which allows, 



and indeed obliges, the rod, the handle, and 

 the lever on which it works, to be all in one 

 piece. Hence simplicity, cheapness, precision 

 of action, more water discharged in propor- 

 tion to the diameter of the barrel, and less 

 frequent repairs. {Repertory of Arts, Jan. 

 1821.) Perkins' square-barrelled pump is a 

 powerful engine {London Journal, &c.) ; but 

 this and other contrivances for raising water, 

 though promising advantages, cannot often 

 be made available by the improver, from their 

 nx>t having come into general use. 



4501. Siebe's rotatory pump {fig. 698.) ap- 

 pears to us by far the best of modern improve- 

 ments on this machine. It is used for drawing, 

 raising, and forcing all fluids and liquids, and 

 may be worked by manual labour, steam, or any 

 other power. By the rotation of a roller {a) 

 having paddles or pistons (6) a vacuum is pro- 

 ducedwithin the barrel (c), and in consequence 

 the water flows up the rising trunk (d) through 

 the space into the barrel, and as the paddles 

 go round they force the water through an 

 opening, which conducts it wherever it may 

 be wanted, and by that means produces a con- 

 tinual stream without an air vessel. It is evi- 

 dent that this pump may, by an ascending 

 tube (e), and a cock on the horizontal spout 

 (f), be used as a common pump, or a forcing 

 pump at pleasure. {Nexvton''s Journal, vol. ii. 2d series, p. 90.) 



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