Book VII. THE DAIRY. 1035 



the stomach by tonics, as aloes, pepper, and gin mixed : though these, as liquids, maj' not enter the stomach 

 in common cases, yet in this disease or impaired action of the rumen they will readily enter there. 



6964. Staggers, daisey, or turning, are sometimes the consequences of over-feeding, particularly when 

 from low keeping cattle are suddenly moved to better pasturage. Treat with bleeding and purging. 



6965. Tetanus, or locked jaw, now and then attacks cattle, in which case it presents the same appear- 

 ances and requires the same treatment as in horses. (6432.) 



6966. Cattle surgery is in no respect different from that in j^ractice among horses, the wounds are treated 

 in the same manner. Goring with the horns will sometimes penetrate the cavity of the belly, and let out 

 the intestines : the treatment of which is the same as in the horse. (6477) Strains, bruises, &c. are also 

 to be treated like those of horses. 



6967. Foul in the foot. This occasionally comes on of itself, but is more often the effect of accident: 

 cleanse it well, and keep it from dirt : apply the foot paste. (6587.) 



6968. Wornals, or puckeridge, are tumours on the backs of cattle, occasioned by a dipterous insect which 

 punctures their skin, and deposits its eggs in each puncture; these tumours are erroneously attributed to 

 the fern owl or goat-sucker (Caprimiilgus europa;^us L.). When the eggs are hatched, and the larvae 

 or maggots are arrived at their full size, they make their way out, and leave a large hole in the hide, 

 to prevent which the destruction of the eggs should be attempted by nipping the tumour, or thrusting in 

 a hot wire. 



6969. Cattle obstetrics are not very varied ; young cows of very full habits have sometimes a super- 

 abundant secretion of milk before calving, which produces fever and heat ; sometimes, from cold taken ; 

 the same will occur after calving also : in either case, give mild dry food, or hay ; bathe the udder also 

 with vinegar and water : in some cases, warm fomentations do best. If the fever run high, treat as under 

 fever in horse pathology. 



6970. The process of calving is usually performed without difficulty ; sometimes, however, cross present- 

 ations take place, and sometimes a constriction of parts prevents the natural passage of the calf. To act 

 properly on these occasions, great patience is required, and much mildness : many cows have been lost by 

 brutal pulling ; we have seen all the men and boys of the farm mustered to pull at a rope affixed about a 

 calf, partly protruded, which, when it was thus brought away, was forced to be killed, and the mother 

 soon died also from the protrusion of parts this brutal force brought with the calf. A steady moderate 

 pull, during the throes of the animal, will assist much ; having first directed the attention to the situation 

 of the calf, that the presentation is such as not to obstruct its progress; if it does, the calf must be forced 

 back, and turned or placed aright. 



6971. Whethering, or retention of the after-birth or burden. It sometimes happens that this is retained ; 

 for which no better remedy has been hitherto discovered than warm clothing and drenching with ale, 

 administered as a forcer. 



6972. The diseases of calves are principally confined to a species of convulsions which now and then 

 attacks them, and which sometimes arises from worms, and at others from cold. When the first cause 

 operates, it is then relieved by giving a mild aloetic purge, or in default of that, a mild dose of oil of tur. 

 pentine, as half an ounce, night and morning. In the second, wrap up the animal warm, and drench with 

 ale and laudanum a drachm. Calves are also very subject to diarrhoea or scouring, which will readily yield 

 to the usual medicines. (6552.) 



Sect. II. The Buffalo. Bos hubulus L. Buffle, Fr. ; Buffalo, Span. ; BiiffUochSy 

 Ger. J and Biifle, Ital. 



6973. The buffalo is found wild in India, America, and various parts of the globe, and 

 is in some degree domesticated in many countries. He is gregarious, docile, alert, and 

 of surprising strength; his carcass affords excellent beef; and the horns, which are jet 

 black, and of a solid consistence, take a polish of wonderful beauty : they can be con- 

 verted into fabrics of use and ornament, such as mugs, tumblers, knife- handles, &c. In 

 this way they sometimes apply them ; and when ornaments of silver or mother-of-pearl 

 are employed, the contrast with the polished black of the horn is agreeably striking. 

 The boss on the shoulders is, as well as the tongue, extremely rich and delicious, and 

 superior to the best English beef. It is usual to cure the tongues for sale. The buffalo 

 far sui-passes the ox in strength. Judging from the extraordinary size of his bones, and 

 the depth and formation of his chest, some consider him twice as strong as the ox ; and, 

 as an animal of labour, he is generally preferred in Italy. In this country the ingenious 

 physiologist. Hunter, has caused buffaloes to be trained to work in a cart. At first they 

 were restive, and would even lie down ; but afterwards they became steady, and so tract- 

 able, that they were driven through the streets of London, in the loaded cart, as quietly 

 and steadily as in Italy or India. 



6974. The biffalo is kept in several gentlemen's parks as an object of luxury, and has 

 been trained and worked by Lords Sheffield, Egremont, and some other amateur agri- 

 culturists. Many prefer his flesh, and some his milk, to that of the bull family. 



6975. The breeding, rearing, and general treatment of the buffalo may be the same as 

 those of the bull family. 



Chap. V. 



The Dairy and its Management. 



6976. The manvfacture of butter and cheese is of necessity carried on where the milk 

 or raw material is at hand. The subject therefore forms a part of farm management, 

 more or less on every farni ; and the principal one in dairy farms. In most of those 

 counties where the profit of the cow arises chiefly from the subsequent manufacture of 

 the milk, the whole care and management of the article rests with the housewife, so that 

 the fiu-mer has little else to do but to superintend the depasturing of his cattle ; the 



