1122 STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE. Part IV. 



7713. The term journeyman is as little known in agriculture as apprentice. Those who answer to that 

 term are the professional operators of a farm, such as ploughmen, cattle herds, shepherds, and hedgers 

 These rank decidedly above labourers of all-work. A ploughman may not unaptly be considered as of the 

 rank of an apprentice till he can /far or set out ridges, and after he can do this as of the rank of journey- 

 man till lie can stack and sow. He may^.then be considered as a master of his art, entitled to work tlie 

 best pair of horses, and if twenty- live or thirty years of age, to enter into the marriage state. 



7714. A hedger is a professional operator, who may be considered as ranking with a master ploughman 

 His business is to plant, clean, prune, cut, lay, plash, and repair hedges ; prune forest and orchard trecsj 

 and effect other operations with ligneous plants on the farm. In Berwickshire hedgers are generally very 

 intelligent men, and keep the fences on the farms in the border counties in excellent order, and the hedge- 

 row trees handsomely pruned. 



7715. A woodman is an operator employed to prune trees and manage hedges, and is of the same rank 

 and requires the same kind and degree of professional knowledge as the hedger. Generally he is more 

 conversant with barking trees for the tanners, converting copsewood and measuring timber, than the 

 other, being more engaged with woods than hedges. 



7716. A head ploughman, on small farms, is to be considered as the bailiff in the absence of the master. 

 He works the best pair of horses, and assists the master in stacking and sowing. On larger farms, where 

 a regular bailiff is kept, there is also a head ploughman, who acts as substitute for the bailiff in his tem- 

 porary absence, as far as operatives and overlooking operations ; but not in money matters or contracts. 



7717. A farm bailiffis, or should be, a person of tolerable education, who understands accounts, mea- 

 suring of work, land, and timber, and can draw up agreements for hiring servants. He sliould have 

 practised every part of farming himself, from tending poultry, swine, and sheep, to stacking and sowing. 

 When employed by a gentleman, or one who has no skill in farming, he should not be under twenty-five 

 years of age ; but a farmer's bailiff need not exceed twenty-one years, is to be considered as a sort of 

 apprentice, and will be directed in all leading matters by his master. 



7718. A bailiff and gardener, or gardener and grieve, as they are called in some places, is a sort of hybrid 

 upper servant, who seldom excels either as a iarmer or a gardener, and is only fit for situations of limited 

 extent, and an indifferent style of performance. 



7719. The forester or head woodman is to the woods of an estate what the bailiff is to the farm lands in 

 hand. He directs and superintends the woodmen and their labourers, in planting, rearing, and pruning 

 plantations, and in the felling of timber or copse, barking, charcoal making, and in short every thing con. 

 nected with timber, trees, copses, or hedges. 



7720. The land steward [Factor, Scotch ; Facteur, Fr. ; Factor, Ger. ; and Fattore, Ital.) is to a whole estate 

 what a bailiff is to the demesne or a particular farm. His business is to control the managers of the lands 

 in hand, as the forester, gardener, bailiff, &c. ; to see that farmers fulfil the covenants of their leases ; 

 to attend to repairs, roads, public and parochial matters in behalf of the landlord ; and generally to receive 

 rents. 



7721. Under stewards, or steward's bailiffs, as they are called, ard assistants to the main steward, or 

 have the care of detached estates, containing a few farms or woods. 



7722. Demesne stewards are such as are kept chiefly for regulating the affairs of demesne lands ; that is, 

 lands surrounding the mansion in hand, or of an estate of small size, where all the lands are in hand, but 

 where an extensive establishment of horses, servants, a large garden, &c. are kept up. Here the steward 

 performs the duties of bailiff, forester, and in some degree of house-steward, by his connection with the 

 stables and game-keeper, and other domestic rural matters. 



7723. Court farmer {Hoffmeyer, Ger. ; Grangero de la corte. Span. ; Agronome de la cour, Fr. ; and 

 Fattore delta corte, Ital.), may be considered the highest step, the summum honum of agricultural ser. 

 vitude. The late Ramsay Robinson, Esq. was bailiff to Geo. III.; his sister. Miss Robinson, was royal 

 dairy-woman ; and Sir Joseph Banks, royal shepherd. 



Sect. II. ConiTnercial Agrictdturists. 



llSi. The lowest grade here is the jobbing farmer, who keeps a team, a cart, plough, pair of harrows, and 

 probably one or two hand implements. He hires himself by the day, week, or by the acre, to plough, sow, 

 or labour, the small spots of ground of tradesmen who keep a cow but no labouring stock ; or to assist 

 -farmers who are behind with their labours. The contractors for executing works devised by the agricul- 

 tural engineer (7754.), though widely separated in point of wealth from the common jobber, yet belong to 

 the same species ; both agree in selling their labour and skill in a raw state, not when manufactured into 

 produce like the other commercial agriculturists. 



7725. Itinerant agriculturists are of two kinds : such as take grounds for the culture of one or two crops 

 of particular sorts of plants, as woad, flax, &c. (5963.) ; and such as travel with a plough and pair, &c. to 

 teach that operation to young farmers or their servants, a practice at one time carried on in Ireland under 

 the patronage of the Dublin Society. 



7726. Cottage farmers are such as possess a cottage and an acre or two of land, which they may either 

 keep in aration or pasture; disposing of the corn, green crops, or dairy produce in various ways, according 

 to local circumstances. 



7727. Poultry farmers, such as devote themselves chiefly to the breeding, rearing, and fattening of 

 poultry, and the growing of feathers and quills. 



7728. Garden farmers are such as possess lands near large towns or sea-ports ; and grow the commoner 

 garden vegetables, as peas, onions, cabbages, &c. for the market, or herbs for the distillers and druggists. 



7729. Seed farmers. Small farmers who devote themselves chiefly to the growing of garden seeds for 

 the London seedsmen, and for the distillery. They are to be found only in a few counties in the central 

 and southern districts of England, and chiefly in Kent and Essex. (See Encyc. cf Gard. 2d edit. 7390.) 



7730. Orchard farjners are such as farm grass or arable orchards, sometimes joined to hop lands and 

 garden farms ; often with a small dairy; with rearing of poultry, rabbits, &c., and sometimes with the 

 breeding and training of dogs ; the latter a very lucrative branch when well understood. 



7731. Hop farmers, such as make hops a principal article of cultivation, to which are sometimes joined 

 garden and orchard farming. 



7732. Milk or cow farmers, such as keep cows for selling their milk in an unmanufactured state. These 

 farmers are of course limited to populous neighbourhoods. Cow-keepers differ from cow-farmers, in having 

 their establishments in towns, and in purchasing, not growing, their cow provender. 



7733. Dairy farmers, such as keep cows and manufacture their milk into butter or cheese. These are 

 most common in rich moist flat districts, as Cheshire, part of Gloucestershire, Leicestershire, &c. 



7734. Graziers, farmers whose chief business consists in buying, feeding, and selling cattle and sheep. 

 Their farms are chiefly in old pasture, and they are more commonly feeders than breeders. The most 

 extensive in England are in Leicestershire an^J^incolnshire. 



7735. Stock farmers, such as devote themselves to breeding and rearing different kinds of live stock, 

 especially horses and cattle. They are most common in Yorkshire. 



77o6. Store fariners, breeders who devote themselves chiefly to the sheep and cattle families. They are 

 common in the border counties, in Wales, and in the Highlands. 



7737. Hay farmers are confined to a small district round London ; where they grow chiefly natural or 

 meadow hay for the London coach and saddle horses, and for cow-keepers. 



7738. Corn-farmers, as opposed to hay, dairy, grazing, and breeding farmers, is a term employed to such 

 as occupy lands more adapted for the plough than for pasturage, as arable clays and loams. 



