Book I. AGRICULTURAL ARTISTS. 1123 



7739. Wood-farmc, ., such as rent woodlands, to bo periodically cut for fuel, bark, fence-wood, charcoal, 

 or other purposes. 



7740. Quarry-farmers, such as rent quarries of lime or other stone, gravel pits, clay-fields, marl-pits, Src. 

 7711. Mine-farmers, or master miners or mine-holders, suchjis rent coal-mines, or mines of iron, lead, 



or other metals. 



7742. Salmon or river-farmers, or fishery renters, such as rent rivers or ponds for the sake of their fish. 



774-3. Commercial or professional farmers, such as farm lands fjr profit. Those who farm an extent of 

 good land under one hundred acres are considered small farmers ; under three hundred acres, middling 

 farmers ; above and under five hundred acres, large farmers ; and exceeding that quantity, extensive 

 farmers : a very proper title, for few arable lands can be profitably cultivated to a greater extent in one 

 farm or by one establishment than five hundred acres, and those which exceed that quantity are generally 

 breeding or other stock farms, characterised by their extent 



7744. Gentlemen farmers, are professional farmers on a large scale, who do not associate with their 

 minor and personally working brethren ; but who affect in their style of living the habits and manners of 

 independent men or gentlemen. It is a character extremely liable to ridicule by the vulgar yeoman and 

 purse-proud farmer on the one hand, and those persons who are gentlemen by profession and men of 

 family on the other. 



7745. Yeomen farmers, small proprietors who farm their own lands, but yet aspire not to the manners 

 anil habits of gentlemen. 



7746. Farming landlords, proprietors who farm their own lands on a large scala 



Sect. III. Agricultural Counsellors, Artists, or Professors. 



11\1. The land-measurer is the lowest grade of agricultural artists: he is very often the village 

 school-master, and is called in to measure work done by the job ; as mowing, reaping, hedging, trench- 

 ing, &c. ' . . 



7748. The agricultural salesman is a person who attends at fairs, markets, &c., and acts as agent to 

 buyers and sellers of corn and cattle. There are also salesmen purposely for hay and straw, others for 

 green food, turnips, potatoes, &c. 



7749. The appraiser, or valuer of farming-stock, comes next in order. This professor values the live 

 and dead stock, and crop, tillages, manures, &c , and sometimes also the remainders of leases between out- 

 going and incoming tenants, or betwixt tenants and their landlords. Occasionally the appraiser is em- 

 ployed to value lands, but this is generally the business of the land- valuer. 



7750. The land-surveyor generally confines his avocations to the measuring and mapping of lands ; or 

 to their subdivision, or the arrangement offences and other lines ; but sometimes he joins the business of 

 appraiser and valuer, and even timber-measurer. 



7751. The timber surveyor and valuer confines himself in general to the measurement and valuation 

 of fallen or standing timber; he also measures and estimates the value of bark, faggots, roots, charcoal, 

 ashes, willows, hoops, and various other products of ligneous plants. 



775i3. The land-valuer not only values the rental, but the price or fee-simple of lands, buildings, woods, 

 quarries, and waters. He does not often meddle with metallic or saline mines ; but he sometimes values 

 fisheries, stone and lime quarries, brick-earth, gravel, chalk, &c. This profession requires not only a 

 general knowledge of agriculture in the most extensive sense of the word, but a very extensive acquaint- 

 ance with the country in which the proi>erty lies, and great experience in business. There are local and 

 general land-surveyors and land-valuers : the general professors live in the capital cities or in the metro- 

 polis, and generally unite the business of land-agent. 



77.'5;3. The land-agent may or may not be a land-valuer, but at all events he should possess the know- 

 ledge of the valuer in an eminent degree. His business is to effect the transfer of property by 

 purchase, sale, hiring, or letting; and also to collect rents, and often to re-let farms, and effect other 

 business belonging to the land-valuer. Land-agents are very frequently attorneys, who know little of 

 agriculture ; but who save their employers the trouble of employing both a land-steward of superior 

 abilities, and a lawyer to draw up agreements and leases. It is the opinion of the best informed agricul- 

 turists both of Britain and France, that the employment of attorneys as land-stewards and agents has 

 been one of the chief causes of the retardation of agriculture throughout Europe. Chateauvieux has 

 clearly shown how this cause has operated in France and Italy; and Dr. Henderson, Arthur Young, 

 Marshal, and various' others, have deprecated its influence in Britain. The love of precedent, which 

 these men cannot abandon from habit ; the love of litigation, to which they adhere from taste and interest ; 

 and the ignorance of agriculture, from the nature of their education ; are the causes that have counter, 

 acted the tendency to change and amelioration. 



7754. Of agricultural engineers there are considerable variety. The drainer, for laying out drains and 

 water-works ; the irrigator, for watering the surface of grass-lands ; the road engineer, for laying out 

 roads ; the mineral surveyor, for searching for, measuring, mapping, and valuing mines and minerals ; 

 the coal viewer, for estimating the value of coal works ; the rural architect, for designing and superin- 

 tending the execution of agricultural buildings ; and the hydrographical and canal engineers, for canals, 

 harbours, mills, and the greater water-%vorks. 



7755. The veterinary surgeon, or agricultural doctor, is to be considered as a rural professor j and as 

 subordinate grades, may be enumerated the farrier {Ferrier, Fr. j Ferrajo, Ital., a smith, from ferrum, Lat. 

 iron), cowleech, and castrator or gelder. . . 



775a The agricultural draftsman, or artist by way of eminence, is employed in designmg and pamtmg 

 live-stock, implements, plants, and cultivated scenery ; the plans of farms are taken by the land-surveyor, 

 designs of buildings made by the architect, and new inventions in machinery and implements are drawn 

 by the inventors, whether millwrights or agricultural mechanists. 



7757. The agricultural author may be considered as the most universal kind of agricultural counsellor, 

 since his province includes every branch of the art, and comprehends times and practices past, present, 

 and to come. The simplest variety of this species is the author of single papers m magazmes, or the 

 transactions of societies ; the most extensive, he who embraces the whole of the subject ; and the most 

 valuable, he who communicates original information. , -c tj i. 



7758. The professor of agricultural science {Professeur d' Agriculture on d' Economic Rural, Fr. ; Hocft- 

 lehrer von Ackerbau, or H. von Landwirthschaft, Ger. ; Professor d' Agricultura, Span. ; and Professore 

 d'Agricultura, Ital.), when appointed by a permanent or national institution, may be reckoned the hignest 

 grade of agricultural counsellor: since he is not a self-constituted instructor, like the author ; but con- 

 stituted by competent judges as capable of instructing the public. The first public professor of agricul- 

 ture appointed in Britain was Dr. Coventry of the University of Edinburgh, about 1/90 ; and the next 

 Sir Humphry Davy, Lecturer on Agricultural Chemistry to the Board of Agriculture, about 1807 : "oth 

 highly eminent as agricultural counsellors, independently of their other merits. There are agricu Rural 

 professors in Dublin and Cork. In almost every University on the Continent there is an agricultural 

 chair, and in some of the German and Russian Colleges there are chairs for gardenmg (Gartnerey), forest- 

 culture (Forstwissenschaft), and rural architecture ( Landbaukunst). 



Sect. IV. Patrons of Agriculture. 

 77.59. Every man being a consumer of some description of agricultural produce, may be considered a 

 promoter of the art by causing a demand for its productions. The more valuable consumers are such as 



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